LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

^^ITED STATESOfTmERICA. 



THE 

NORMAL HISTORY 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES, 

CONDENSED AND COMPKEHENSIVE ; 

ARRANGED, IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, 

FOR TOPICAL RECITATION 

BY ^/ 

W. n. F. HENRY, 
A Practical Teacher. 



REVISED AND IMPROVED EDITION, WITH 
IMPORTANT ADDITIONS. 



nosihuf 



INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 

THE NORMAL PUBLISHING HOUSE, 

J. E. Sherrill, Proprietor. 
1881. 



V 



Itik 



COPYRIGHT BY 

W. H. F. HENRY. 

1878. 

COPYRIGHT BY 

W. H. R HENRY, 

1880. 

COPYRIGHT BY 

W. H. F. HENRY, 

1881. 






CARLON 4 HOLLENBECK, 

PEINTEES AND BINDERS, 

INDIANAPOLIS. 



ELKCTROTYPED BY 

KETCHUM & WANAMAKER, 

INDIANAPOLIS, IND. 

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TO 

THE TEACHERS ABROAD IN THE LAND, 

WHO HAVE ESPOUSED 

THE VERY HONORABLE AND RESPONSIBLE 

VOCATION OP TRAINING THE 

TOUNG FOR USEFULNESS AND FOR GREATNESS, 

THIS WORK IS 

§es^ectfuns gnscrihcd, 

BY 

THE AUTHOR. 



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PREFACE. 



Every child in the United States should learn something of the 
history of his own country before leaving school. He should have 
imprinted on his mind a vivid outline of the story of his native 
land. 

To facilitate the attainment of this knowledge by the young, is 
the design of this volume. The author flatters himself that he 
has herein condensed an authentic record of all the most important 
events concerning our Republic, so arranged as to attract and in- 
terest the student. By the Topical Headings, the various Tabula- 
tions and the Analytic Synopses, he has endeavored to make the 
•work Objective. The causes and effects of events are clearly and 
distinctively given. 

The Histories which are usually adopted in our schools are 
seldom thoroughly learned by the pupil. The reason is obvious ; 
they contain too many xvords and too little matter. They are verbose, 
chaffy, and ill-arranged ; they are neither topical, chronological, 
nor analytical ; in fact they are wanting in nearly every element 
•necessary to constitute them good school books. So true is this, 
that teachers are compelled to epitomize and rearrange their con- 
tents to secure any degree of success in teaching them. 

The book is divided into four Parts, namely : Part I, embrac- 
ing the Period of Discovery and Exploration ; Part II, including 
the Period of Settlement and Colonial History ; Part III, com- 
prising Revolutionary History ; and Part IV, giving the history of 
the National Period to the present time. At the close of each 
Part, and also at the end of lengthy Sections is given a Chrono- 
logical Recapitulation, which, with the Tables of Battles and the 
Analytic Synopses, will be found of especial value. No labor has 
been spared to verify the statements herein made. By carefully 
avoiding all sectional or partisan views, it claims to be a National 
history. 

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6 



PREFACE. 



Since one of the uses of history in schools is to accustom thi? 
pupils to read with sufficient care to secure ideas, the Author 
would here suggest that the student, after careful study of a Topic, 
be required to give independent expression of the information ob- 
tained from the text. Keciting by rote will not develop the power 
of expression. Mere verbatim recitation may be well enough to 
cultivate the memory, but it is insufficient to develop the under- 
standing. 

The pupils should not only recite by topics, but their attention 
should also be drawn to the facts singly by judicious questionuvj. 
Some " General Questions and Directions " are inserted in the book 
for review, but the ingenious teacher will also apply such others 
as he may deem appropriate to the text. This method, in connec- 
tion with topical recitation, can not fail to awaken an interest in 
the mind of the student, and lead him to a knowledge of the sub- 
ject that will prove satisfactory and permanent. 

The text is designed to inform the pupil ; the recitation should 
afford him an opportunity of expressing what he has learned, in 
his own style and words. " Develop the understanding, and the 
memory will take care of itself." For review exercises, the "Ana- 
lytic Synopses " may be written upon the blackboard, from which 
the pupils may recite without dictation by the teacher. 

The leading and most important events are made prominent in 
the text by hlack, or bold-faced type ; the minor events, though 
given, are not necessarily to be urrjed upon the pupil's memory for 
retention. 

In foot-notes are given explanations, illustrations, minor events, 
sketches, etc., which enhance the interest of the narrative without 
unduly swelling the body of the text. 

In manuscript, this work was fully tested in the sohbol-room, 
with marked success; and with a desire to contribute his mite 
toward the profession of teaching, the Author was induced to offer 
it to the public — to stand or to fall by its own merits. 

In this Edition, the Author has carefully revised the work — 
making improvements, and bringing it down to the present year 
(1881) — and though some slight modification of the text has been 
made, yet the plan and arrangement of the whole remain un- 
changed. It is proper to add that the textual differences are not 
such as to interfere with the simultaneous use of both the old and 
new editions in the class. 



PREFACE. 7 

The mechanical execution of the present Edition is much su- 
perior to that of the others. Also, instead of being printed solid, 
the lines are leaded, or spaced, thus making the page clearer and 
more attractive. 

The very favorable reception of his work among teachers and 
friends of education, induces the Author to believe that his efforts 
to produce a practical School History have not been in vain. 

March, 1881. W. H. F. Henry. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAET I. 

Period of Discovery and Exploration. 

Introduction ^^ 

SECTION. 

I. Spanish Discoveries and Explorations I7 

II. The French in America "' ' on 

III. English Discoveries ...."!!!!] 39 

IV. Discoveries of the Dutch 07 

V. Keview of Explorations and Extent of Possessions".— Re- 
view of Discoverers and Explorers— Chronolo'o-y of 
Events Recorded in Part I— General Questions and 
Directions— Diagrams for Analysis— Geographical Re- 
^ie^^ 39 

PART II. 

Period of Settlement and Colonial History. 

I. History of Virginia,— Jamestown Colony 51 

II. History of New England, — Plymouth Colony — Mas- 
sachusetts Bay Colony — Maine and New Hampshire — 
Connecticut — Rhode Island — General Questions and 
Directions qq 

III. The Middle Colonies,— New York— New Jersey— Penn- 

sylvania and Delaware — Maryland 73 

IV. The Southern Colonies,— The Carolinas— Georgia— Dia- 

gram for Analysis— Causes and Objects of Colonization.. 80 
V. Inter-Colonial Wars,— King "William's War—Queen 
Anne's War— King George's War— The French and 

Indian War 85 

VI. Progress of the Colonies and their Condition Previous to 
the Revolution — Recapitulation of Colonial Wars — 
Diagram for Analysis— Chronology of Events Recorded 
m Part II — General Questions and Directions 101 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS. 9 

PAET III. 

The Revolutionary Period. 

I. The Revolution — The Dawning — Events of 1775 — Events 
of 1776— Events of 1777— Events of 1778 — Events of 
1779— Events of 1780— Events of 1781— After the War..ll2 
II. Recapitulation, — Battles of the Revolution — Chronology 
of Events Recorded in Part III— The First Settlements 
— reviewed — General Questions and Directions — Dia- 
gram for Analysis 159 

PART IV. 

National Period. 

I. Our Government Washington's Administration— Adams's 

Administration — .Jeflferson's Administration — Madi- 
son's Administration — "War oe 1812, — Events of 1812 
—Events of 1813— Events of 1814-15— Other Events of 
Madison's Administration — Recapitulation, — Battles 
of the Second War with England — Chronology of 
' Events Recorded in Section I — General Questions and 

Directions — Diagram for Analysis 173 

II. Monroe's Administration — John Quincy Adams's Adminis- 
tration — Jackson's Administration — Van Buren's Ad- 
ministration — Harrison and Tyler's Administration — 
Polk's Administration, — The Mexican War — Other 
Events — Recapitulation, — Battles of the Mexican 
War — Chronology of Events Recorded in Section II — 
Map Studies — Geographical Review — Diagram for 
Analysis — General Questions and Directions 223 

III. Taylor and Fillmore's Administration — Pierce's Adminis- 

tration — Buchanan's Administration 272 

IV. Lincoln's Administration — The Great Civil War, — 

Events of 1861— Events of 1862— Events of 1863— The 
Closing Conflicts, 1864-65 — Recapitulation, — Battles 
won by the Confederates — Battles won by the Federals 
— Indecisive Battles of the War — Chronology of Events 
Recorded in Sections III and IV — General Questions 

and Directions — Diagram for Analysis 288 

V. Johnson's Administration — Grant's Administration — 
Hayes's Administration — Garfield's Administration — 
Recapitulation, — Presidential — Facts Concerning the 
Presidents — Chronology of Events Recorded in Section 
V — Origin of the Names of the States — reviewed — Pop- 
ular Names of the States — Mottoes of the States — Ad- 
mission of the States — reviewed — Diagram for Analysis 
— Eminent American Inventors — Americans Eminent in 
Literature and Art— Conclusion — Appendix — Declara- 
tion of Independence — General Index 354 



A SUGGESTION TO TEACHERS. 



Since the geography and the history of a country should go 
hand in hand, the author woukl suggest the following method of 
using this work, adopted by many successful instructors : "At the 
commencement of the study let each pupil be required to draw an 
outline map of North America on paper, about 9 by 12 inches in 
size. This should contain only physical features, viz : coast-lines, 
mountains, lakes and rivers. As the pupils advance in the history, 
let them mark on their maps, day by day, the places discovered, 
the settlements, battles, political divisions, etc., with their dates. 
They will thus see the country growing afresh under their hand and 
eye, and the geography and history will be indissolubly linked. At 
the close of the term, their maps will show what they have done, 
and each name, with the dates, will recall the history which clus- 
ters around it." 



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THE NORMAL HISTORY 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 



PART I. 

PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 
1001—1680. 



INTRODUCTION. 



[Note to the Teacher. — On the teacher's naming the subject of 
a paragraph, the pupil should be expected to tell all he knows 
about it — in his own language as much as possible. At each reci- 
tation thus by topics, the pupil's knowledge of the facts should 
also be tested by questions and directions framed by the teacher. 
Never lei a pupil, memorize and recite a topic, nor answer a question in 
the language of the book — except where the topic is a tabulation. The 
text is designed to inform the pupil ; the recitation should afford 
him an opportunity of expressing what he has learned, in his own 
style and words. " Develop the understanding, and the memory 
will take care of itself." The teacher should frequently assign as 
a lesson several topics for composition writing. This will be not 
only an excellent language exercise, but will also tend to fix facts 
permanently in the mind.] 

1. Location of the United States.— America— lying 
between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, west of 

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12 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Europe and Africa, and east of Asia — consists of 
two large continents: North America and South 
America, with a group of islands between, called 
the West Indies. These two continents are con- 
nected by the Isthmus of Panama (Pah-nah-mah,) 
or Darien. 

The United States forms the middle division of 
North America, and extends east and west from 
ocean to ocean, and from the 25th 'to the 49th 
degree of north latitude. The territory of Alaska 
is also a part of the United States. 




An Ancient Mound. 

2. Ancient Remains. — In various portions of 
America, numerous remains of an ancient and civ- 
ilized race of people have been found, indicating 
that thousands of years ago, America was inhab- 
ited by a highly civilized community, that dwelt in 
towns and cities, had a regular form of govern- 
ment, and were skilled in the .arts and sciences. 
These people left no written records of their his- 
tory; hence, our knowledge of them is vague, and 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 1-5 

derived only from their relics. This unknown race 
flourished and passed away long before the Indians 
came to this continent ; therefore, the Indians could 
give no account of them. The evidences of the 
existence of this extinct race are still abundant in 
the ruins of temples and other buildings, and in 
the articles of copper and silver found buried 
beneath these ruins. Curious specimens of pottery 
of great antiquity have also been found ; and 
mounds of remarkable extent are seen in certain, 
localities, the origin of which was unknown to the- 
uncivilized Indians.* 

3. Whence Came the Indians? — The history of 
the Indians is likewise involved in mystery — all we- 
know of them being from tradition. 




*Many of these mounds were burial places, and others doubtless 
served as foundations for watch-towers and signal stations ; some 
were used as places for worship and sacrifice. The shapes of these 
mounds were often to represent men and animals. Marietta, Ohio, 
was the site of one of the largest villages of the Mound Builders — 
the remains indicating that at least 5,000 people must have resided 
there. 



14 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



They can tell us nothing of their origin or of 
their coming to this continent. We can only con- 
jecture that they must have emigrated from Asia 
by way of Behring's {beer-ings) Strait.* When 
found upon this continent, east of the Mississippi, 
by the first European settlers, they did not exceed 
200,000 in number. In Mexico, Peru and the In- 
dies, however, there was an immense population. 




An Indian Village. 

*This opinion is rendered the more probable by the fact, that 
the figure, complexion, dress, manners, customs, etc., of the nations 
of both continents, are strikingly similar. That they might have 
emigrated from the eastern continent is evident, since in latitude 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 

4. Character of the Indians.* — They had little or 
no inventive genius ; had no cities, no ships, no 
churches, no school-houses. They have been truly 
termed the " Red Men of the Forest." They had 
no regular forms of government, but were divided 
into hostile tribes, with a chief, or sachem, for ruler. 
They were constantly at war with one another, and 
their chief occupations were war and hunting — 
their weapons being simply the bow and arrow. 
The sole training of their boys was for war and the 
chase. The women performed all the labor and 
drudgery. The disposition of the Indian was 
morose, crafty, treacherous, and cruel ; and he 
accustomed himself to endure great fatigue and 
horrible tortures without sign of anguish. He 
believed in the existence of a Supreme Being and 
in a future state of happiness and immortality. 
The Indian of to-day, in all his characteristics, is 
the same as he was three hundred years ago. 

5. Supposed Discovery of America. — Lief Erick- 
SON, a noted Icelandic captain, is supposed to have 
sailed westward from Greenland, in the year 1001, 
and, landing on the present coast of Labrador', 
explored the country as far south as Massachusetts. 
The Northmen, a hardy race of Norway and 
Sweden, also claimed to have visited America about 
this time. As there are no authentic records con- 
firming these discoveries, it is safe to suppose that 

66° the two continents are not more than forty miles distant from 
each other, and between them are two islaads less than twenty 
miles distant from either shore. 

*This description applies to the Indians embraced within the 
limits of the United States. 



IG HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the continent was unknown to Europeans till the 
grand discovery of Columbus, in 1492. * 

6. The Mariner's Compass. — This invaluable little 
instrument was invented about the year 1302, by 
an Italian. It is in appearance somewhat like a 
watch, having a magnetic needle, which always 
points toward the north, thus enabling seamen to 
trace their course on the broad ocean. Before this 
true friend of the mariner was known, the only 
guides the sailor had were the sun by day and the 
stars by night ; but when these were obscured by 
clouds, he could not, with certainty, find his way. 
Hence, the Compass gave a new impetus to navi- 
gation ; and by its friendly guidance, men ventured 
farther upon the unknown deep in quest of new 
lands. 

* About 1007 Thorfinn Carlsefne, a famous sea-king, recon- 
noitered the bays and harbors of the New England coast. He is 
supposed to have made settlements and to have carried on trade 
with the natives. 

The Welsh also have laid claim to the discovery. According 
to their accounts, a daring sailor, named Madoc, about the year 
1170, made a voyage to the west, discovering a " large and fair 
country." These, however, are mere traditions, and the supposed 
discovery appears to have slept in forgetfulness until after 
Columbus had established the existence of a Western World. 



» DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 

SECTION I. 

SPANISH DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

1492—1565. 

1. Columbus. — Christopher Columbus was born at 
Genoa (Jen'-o-ah), Italy, in 1435. "When a boy he 
worked at his father's trade — that of wool-comber. 
.During his youth he met with many adventures on 
the Mediterranean Sea; and at one time, in battle 
with the Venetians, his vessel was burned, but he 
saved his life by swimming ashore. 

From the study of Astronomy he formed the 
opinion that the Earth is round like a ball, instead 
of flat, as almost all the people of his time believed. 

2. Object of Commercial men. — The great desire 
of commercial men of Europe at this time was to 
find a nearer and less dangerous passage to the 
East Indies than was then known. From the East 
Indies many of the necessaries and luxuries of life 
were obtained. The route then followed was to 
sail on the Mediterranean Sea to the Isthmus of 
Suez, cross the isthmus on camels and horses, and, 
re-shipping their effects, traverse the Red Sea and 
the storrrfy Indian Ocean. To find a better and 
more commodious route was therefore of great im- 
portance to the whole of Europe.* 

* The route around the southern extremity of Africa was not 
then known. This route — by the way of the Cape of Good Hope — 
was discovered in 1498, by Vasco DeGama, an enterprising Portu- 
guese navigator. 

2 



18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The only man who proved himself competent to 
open up a new way to the Indies was Columbus. 
He believed that this goal could be reached by 
sailing directly westward across the Atlantic 
Ocean.* 

3. Columbus Seeks Aid. — With this object in view 
Columbus applied first to the government of his 
native city, Genoa, for the means to make the ex- 
periment; but, believing him to be a mere dreamer, 
they refused to render him assistance. He next 
applied to the Court of Lisbon ; but after listening 
to his representations with seeming encourage- 
ment, the king secretly sent out an expedition in 
the hope of anticipating Columbus in his great 
undertaking. The commander of this enterprise 
was, however, incompetent for the attempt, and 
returned without accomplishing anything.f 

* To the inquisitive and enterprising mind of Columbus, this 
subject was invested with the deepest interest and importance; and 
the more he reflected upon the figure of the earth, the stronger was 
his belief, not merely that a western passage to India was practica- 
ble, but also that whoever should navigate the Atlantic, by sailing 
due west, must meet with a large body of land, which might be 
an extension of the continent of India, designed to balance the 
lands lying in the eastern hemisphere. " In this latter opinion 
he was strengthened by various discoveries in the Atlantic: such 
as pieces of carved wood, trunks of huge pine-trees, etc., which 
had been noticed, after long westerly winds; but especially by tha 
well-established fact that the bodies of two men had been casl 
upon one of the Azore islands, whose features diflferea from those 
of any known race of people." 

t Disgusted with this treachery, Columbus sent his brother Bar- 
tholomew to Henry VII., of England. Bartholomew was captured 
by pirates, and it was two years before he reached London. The 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 19 

After many disappointments and much delay, 
Columbus finally obtained an outfit from Ferdinand 
and Isabella, of Spain. Urged by a desire to spread 
the Catholic faith throughout the world, and to see 
Spain the mistress of lands in Asia, the noble 
Queen overcame the objections of Ferdinand. Said 
she, "I undertake the enterprise for my crown of 
Castile, and will, if necessary, pledge my jewels to 
raise the funds." But this sacrifice was prevented 
by the extraordinary exertions of her ministers. 

4. The Outfit. — The outfit thus provided con- 
sisted of ninety men, provisions for one year, and 
three small vessels— the Nina {ne'-nah), the Pinta 
{peen'-tah), and the Santa Maria (mah-re'-ah). 

5. America Discovered. — Ills heart bounding 
with hope, Columbus set sail in his little fleet from 
Palos {pah-los'), Spain, on the 3d of August, 1492. 
He steered his course southward to the Canary 
Islands, ott' the coast of Africa ; and, after refitting 
his vessels and replenishing his supplies, struck out 
boldly to the west. Soon they were far out upon 
the (then) unknown deep— farther than any other 
navigators had dared to venture. For ages a ter- 
rible mystery had brooded over the mighty waters 
•of the Atlantic ; superstition lent additional horrors 
to the fears of adventurers. It was said that the 
Evil One hovered over the far-off billows of the 
ocean, enticing the venturesome to destruction, or 

English monarch approved his plans, and would probably have 
become the patron of Columbus, had Columbus not, in the mean- 
time, found one in the sovereign of Spain. 



20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

else warding them off with an immense weird 
hand. 

No wonder, then, that the sailors of Columbus 
were inclined to mutiny, seeing that they were 
going nearer and nearer to this dreaded apparition 
and believing that they would never see land again. 
But Columbus by his iirmness and eloquence allayed 
their fears. On the 12th of October (1492), they 
discovered land, which proved to be one of the 
Bahama (ba-hay'-mah) islands, a group of the West 
Indies. {Sec map.) 

6. The Landing. — When Columbus and his men 
had landed, they knelt upon the ground and gave 
thanks to God for his guidance. The devotional 
exercises of the Roman Catholic Church were per- 
formed, the royal banner of Spain was unfurled, and 
the new found land claimed for the monarchs of 
Castile and Leon. During these formal proceed- 
ings, the natives, who were different from any other 
people ever before seen, crowded around at a 
respectful distance, gazing with mingled astonish- 
ment and admiration upon all they saw. They 
believed the Spaniards to be Heavenly Beings that 
should be adored. 

7. The Island. — The island thus discovered was 
called by the natives, Guanahani (gwa-nah-hah'-nee), 
but Columbus named it San Salvador {sal-va-dore'), 
by which it is still known. Believing it to be a 
part of the East Indies, he named the inhabitants 
Indians. Leaving San Salvador, Columbus sailed 
southward, discovering the large island of Cuba. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 21 

8. Homeward. — After examining this island — 
enjoying its delightful climate, partaking of its 
luxurious vegetation, and making favorable 
impression upon the natives — Columbus started 
homeward (January, 1493.) On the passage, he 
encountered a terrible storm, in which his frail 
vessels were almost wrecked. During the preva- 
lence of the tempest, he wrote on parchment a 
short account of his discovery, sealed this securely 
in a cask, and threw it into the sea, trusting that 
should the ships go down, this might survive, and, 
perchance, notify the world of his success. His 
return home was hailed with great rejoicing, and 
the highest honors were heaped upon him. 

9. Other Voyages of Columbus. — Columbus made 
three other voyages to America. On his second 
voyage (1493), he founded St. Domingo, on the 
island of Ilispaniola (Hayti), the first European 
settlement in the New World.* On his third voy- 
age (Aug. 10th, 1498), he discovered the continent, 
or main land, on the northeastern coast of South 
America. [See map.) At various times he was 
misrepresented by his enemies, who were envious 
of his justly earned fame.f He never knew, how- 

*When he next visited the island, however, he found that the 
men had all perished by the hands of the Indians, whose vengeance 
they had provoked by their folly and crimes. 

tOn Columbus's third voyage, his enemies, by false charges 
caused him to be sent home in chains ; but on investigation, he 
was honorably acquitted. The captain of the vessel in which he 
was, offered to release him from his chains; but Columbus replied, 
■"I wear these fetters in obedience to the orders of their majesties, 
the rulers of Spain ; they shall find me as obedient to this as to 



22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ever, that he had discovered a new world ; he 
thought that the new found land was a part of the 
East Indies. 

10. Character of Columbus. — Columbus was re- 
markable for boldness, great firmness, and untir- 
ing perseverance. A student all his life, his mind 
was highly cultivated and stored with the learning 
of his time. His views regarding the earth were 
in advance of the day, and though he lived in an 
age of superstition, he seemed to have been free 
from absurdities. In person he was tall and 
commanding, and of pleasing address. lie died at 
Valladolid (val-ya-do-leed'), Spain, in 1506, at the 
age of 71. His remains now lie in the Cathedral 
of Havana, Cuba. * 

11. Voyage of Vespucci. — The discovery of the 
New World created intense excitement throughout 
Europe. The wildest speculations were rife, and 
the popular mind was still more aroused, when, in 
1499, Americo Vespucci {ah-mah-ree'-go vas-poot'- 
chee), a Florentine, in the employ of Spain, visited 
the continent, explored the eastern coast, and, re- 
turning to Europe, published a glowing account of 
liis explorations. In this account he ignored the 
claims of Columbus ; and, being wealthy and influ- 

their other injunctions; by their command I have been confined^ 
and their command alone shall set me at liberty." When released, 
he hung his fetters in his chamber, and gave orders that they 
should be buried with him. 

* He desired the following inscription to be engraved on his 
tomb: " To Castile and Leon, Columbus has given a new world.'" 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 23 

ential, bis name was given to the land that should 
be called Columbia. * 

12. Florida Discovered.— Florida was first visited 
in 1512 by Ponce De Leon (pone'-thay day lay-own'), 
whose object in going thither was to ^discover a 
fountain whose waters were said to have the power 
to restore to old age the vigor of youth. The story 
of this rejuvenating fountain was a myth, invented 
by the Indians to allure adventurers into the 
marshes and dense forests of an unknown wilder- 
ness. In his search for the fabled waters, he en- 
countered the hostile natives, and was slain in 
battle. Florida was so called, because De Leon 
saw it first on Easter Sunday— Pasgwa Florida (Jlo- 
ree'-dah)—i\\Q Feast of Flowers. 

13. Pacific Ocean Discovered.— A Spaniard named 
Balboa (6«^6o'-rt/0 discovered the Pacific Ocean, 
September 26th, 1513, while ascending the mount- 
ains of the Isthmus of Panama, f 

* Vespucci's account of this voyage, published in 1504, was the 
first printed announcement of the discovery of a western continent. 

t The Indians had informed Balboa that a great ocean lay to 
the south and west. His curiosity was excited, and, with a band 
of adventurers, he made a perilous march for twenty-five days, 
through dense woods and over craggy mountains. Heat and dis- 
ease had almost overcome the weary and discouraged party, when 
the Indian guides announced that from the top of the next moun- 
tain the great ocean could be seen. When most of the ascent had 
been made, Balboa ordered his men to halt, and toiled on to the 
summit alone. At the top he beheld the mighty Pacific, and, 
falling on his knees, thanked God for the discovery. He went 
down to the shore, and advancing with sword and buckler, till the 
water reached his waist, took possession of the ocean, " in the 
name of the King, his master, and vowed to defend it with his 
arms." 



24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Magellan, a Spanish sailor, was the first European 
to sail upon the Pacific (1519). On account of its 
calm and peaceful appearance when first traversed, 
he gave it the name Pacific. He was also the first 
that sailed around the world (1519-21).* Sir Francis 
Drake, an English navigator, made the voyage 
some years after. It was then regarded a great 
undertaking — requiring two or three years; but it 
is now accomplished in a few months. 

14. Mexico aud Cortez {kor-tez'.) — Mexico was 
discovered by Grijalvah {(jre haul' -vah). in 1518. It 
was conquered by Hernando Cortez in 1521. Cortez 
was a bold, unscrupulous Spaniard, whose object 
in coming to America was gold and adventure. He 
was a religious bigot, and thought it was serving 
God to kill or enslave all Indians that would not 
embrace Christianity. His course was, however, an 
error of the age in which he lived. 

15. Montezuma and his Fate. — Cortez landed on 
the coast of Mexico in 1519 ; and, with an army of 
600 men, began his invasion of the country.f The 
people of this realm were partly civilized, lived in 
towns and cities, had a regular form of government, 

*He sailed through the strait which bears his name. At the 
Philippine Islands, (south-east of Asia), in a contest with the 
natives, he was killed ; but one of his vessels reached Spain by 
way of the Cape of Good Hope, thus making the first voyage 
around the world. 

tHe had a fleet of only eleven small vessels ; and as fire-arms 
were not in general use, only thirteen of the men had muskets. He 
had only ten pieces of artillery and sixteen horses. The rest of 
the men were armed with crossbows, swords, and spears, but they 
were all clothed in armor. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 25 

and were apparently contented. They had made 
considerable advancement in the arts ; and though 
they had no written language, yet their picture- 
writing, or hieroglyphics, answered all their pur- 
poses. 

The king of Mexico at this time was Montezuma 
(mon-tay-zoo'-mah). His kingdom abounded in gold. 
Many utensils for domestic use, as well as ornaments 
of various kinds, were made of the precious metal. 

Montezuma ordered Cortez to leave the country, 
but the daring adventurer paid no heed to the 
command. Though resisted by many times his 
force, Cortez advanced to the capital, spreading 
dismay among the inhabitants, who regarded 
the Spaniards as a superior race of beings, clothed 
with immortality.* This belief was soon dispelled, 
however, when the first Spaniard was slain. Cortez 
fought many bloody battles with the people of this 
famous empire, in every one of which he was vic- 
torious, losing but few men. The Mexicans fought 
with furious desperation, but they could not with- 
stand the firearms and the horses of the Spaniards. 
The sound and the flash of muskets and cannon 
produced unbounded terror among them ; and the 
horses caused the utmost fright wherever they were 
ridden. It should be borne in mind that horses 

*A tradition existed among the Mexicans that a strange people 
from the east should conquer them. Montezuma appeared to 
resign himself to his fate and the force of circumstances ; and from 
the time of the invader's entry into Mexico, until the hour of his 
death, continued to treat Cortez with the utmost generosity, hospi- 
tality, and apparent confidence, and loaded him with gifts and 
honors. 



26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

were unknown in America till the Spaniards 
brought them from Europe.* Thus, a single Span- 
iard, well armed and mounted, could rout a whole 
host of the superstitious Mexicans. 

Montezuma was captured, and, while a prisoner, 
he was induced by the crafty Cortez to mount the 
walls of the city and beseech his subjects to desist 
from hostility against the Spaniards. Justly indig- 
nant at their monarch's timidity, the Mexicans 
hurled stones and arrows upon him, and he fell 
mortally wounded. 

16. (jtuatinioziu. — Montezuma's successor was 
Guatimozin {gwah-te-mo'-zin), a young nobleman, 
brave, but unfortunate. He was taken prisoner by 
Cortez ; and to cause him to reveal the place of the 
imperial treasures, he, with his principal officer of 
state, was prostrated on a bed of live coals. The 
chief officer in his agony looked toward his sove- 
reign, as if to ask permission to tell where the 
treasures were concealed. Guatimozin rebuked 
him by exclaiming, "Am /on a bed of roses f 
This act of cruelty, however, failed of its object; 
and Guatimozin was afterward executed, on a 
charge of plotting an insurrection against his bar- 
barous conquerors. 

The death of their king and the terrible success 
of their enemy completely disheartened the Mexi- 
cans; and the Spaniards took possession of the 
country (1521). 

*The horse, ox, sheep, goat, domestic cat, hen, etc., were not 
originally found in America, but were introduced by the Euro- 
peans. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 27 

17. Last Days of Cortez. — Thus were an inno- 
cent and happy people despoiled of their natural 
rights and trampled upon by a remorseless adven- 
turer. Cortez did not, however, obtain the wealth 
and distinction his ambition craved; he died poor 
and in obscurity— despised and neglected by his 
king and country.* 

18. De Ayllon. — In 1520 Vasquez de Ayllon (vas'- 
keih day ayle'-yon), a wealthy Spaniard, undertook 
an expedition to America; and, landing on the 
present coast of South Carolina, decoyed a number 
of the natives on board his fleet and steered for 
home, intending to sell them in Europe as slaves. 
Three of the vessels were wrecked, and most of the 
Indians were drowned. De Ayllon was honorably 
received by his government, and was sent on 
another kidnapping expedition ; but this was un- 
successful, resulting in De A3^11on's pecuniary ruin. 
Thus ended the first attempt to enslave the Indians,, 
who, thenceforth, lost all confidence iii Spanish 
honor. 

19. Expedition of Narvaez. — In 1528 De Narvaez 
(day nar-vay'-eth), attempted to conquer Florida. 
He expected to find a rich empire, such as Cortez 
had found in Mexico ; but his men, wandering 
through the dense forests, deceived by Indian 
guides, and defeated by the hostile natives, suflered 

*0n one occasion, desiring an audience with the king, he was 
obliged to force his way through the crowd and place his foot on 
the step of the carriage before he could gain attention. " Who are 
you ?" said the king. " I am a man," answered Cortez, " who ha& 
gained you more provinces than your father left you towns." 



28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

terribly. In endeavoring to return to the West 
Indies, they were shipwrecked, and only four men 
escaped. These, after several years of wandering 
and incredible hardships, reached home. 

20. The Mississippi Discovered. — De Soto {day 
so'-to)^ a Spanish nobleman, with six hundred se- 
lected soldiers, came to America in 1539 ; * and, 
landing on the western coast of Florida, traveled 
north-westward across the country, fighting hostile 
Indians on the way, until his magnificently equipped 
army — consisting mostly of young and adventurous 
noblemen — was reduced to about four hundred. 

In 1541 he discovered, near the present western 
boundary of Tennessee, a large river which the 
Indians called the '■''Great Father of Waters J' This 
was the Mississippi; and De Soto and his men 
were the first Europeans to behold it. 

While sailing down the river with the wreck of 
his army, De Soto died of a malignant fever, and 
was buried within its waters, "which have since 
been the tomb of thousands." 

21. Enterprise of Melendez. — In 1565 the. king of 
Spain — the bigoted Philip II — sent Pedro Melen- 
dez (ma-len'-deth), " a soldier of ferocious disposition 
and criminal practices," to colonize Florida. The 
real object of this expedition was to break up and 
destroy a colony of French Protestants, called Hu- 
guenots, who the year before had made a settlement 

*He had also on board his fleet three hundred horses, many 
hogs, and a number of bloodhounds — the latter intended to run 
down the Indians. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 29' 

near the mouth of the St. John's river — territory 
claimed by Spain. 

22. The Oldest Town. — Melendez, with his men, 
landed on the northeastern shore, near the mouth 
of a small river, ou St, Augustine's {au-gus-teen' s') 
day (2d of September). Here he laid the founda- 
tion of the town of St. Augustine (Sept. 1565) — the 
oldest settlement, by forty-two years, within the 
United States. 

23. The Huguenots Murdered. — Melendez next 
turned his attention to the Huguenots, whom he 
found and attacked. The Huguenots put to sea in 
theirvessels, but a furious storm arose and dashed 
to pieces ever}^ ship in the fleet. Most of them, 
however, reached the shore. Here they were at- 
tacked by the forces of Melendez, and men, women 
and children were alike butchered — only a few 
escaping. It is here pertinent to say that a French 
soldier named De Gourges (goorg) revenged this^ 
massacre a short time after, by attacking the Span- 
ish colony at St. Augustine and hanging about 
thirty of the leaders to branches of trees.* 

*The inscription he placed over them was, " I do not this as 
unto Spaniards or mariners, but as unto traitors, robbers, and mur- 
derers." Melendez, in his massacre of the Huguenots, had de- 
clared that he killed them, " not as Frenchmen, but as Lutherans." 



30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

SECTION II. 

THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. 
1524—1680. 

1. Voyage of Verazzana. — The spirit of discovery 
and adventure was not confined to Spain alone. In 
1524 a remarkable exploration of the North Ameri- 
can coast was made by Verazzana (var-at-zah' -nah), 
an Italian, in employ of the French government. 
He explored the whole Atlantic shore from Florida 
to New Foundland, claiming the region in the name 
of the king of France, and calling it New France. 
Returning home, he published a map and an ac- 
count of his explorations, which were of value to 
future navigators. 

2. The St. Lawrence Discovered. — In 1534 James 
■Cartier [kar-te-ah'), sent out by the king of France, 
discovered and explored the Gulf and the River St. 
Lawrence. He made another voyage to this region 
and attempted to found a colony, but with no per- 
manent success. Not finding any gold here, the 
Prench did not at this time attach much value to 
their St. Lawrence possessions. 

3. First Permanent French Colony. — Various at- 
tempts were made by the French to establish colo- 
nies in their possessions, viz., by Roberval, in 1539 ; 
by John Ribault (?-e'-6o),* in 1562; and by Laudon- 

* Bibault's expedition was under the auspices of Coligny 
{ko-lenf -ye) , an admiral of France, and a leader of the Huguenots 
^{hu' -ge-nots) , or French Protestants. He desired to found a colony 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 31 

'NIERE (lodo/i'-ne- air), in 1564; but their efforts were 
unsuccessful till in 1605,DeMonts {day-mong') and 
Champlain {sham-plane') brought a colony from 
France and settled on the western coast of Kova 
Scotia (sko'-she-ah), naming the settlement Port 
Royal. This was two years before Jamestown, 
Virginia, was founded — an account of which is 
^iven in the "English Settlements.'' 

4. Cliamplaiu's Enterprise. — In 1608 Champlain 
founded Quebec (que-beck'), Canada; and in 1609 he 
explored the interior of that region, discovering 
lakes Huron and Champlain, giving his name to 
the latter. 

5. Explorations of Marquette. — James Marquette 
(mar-kef), a Jesuit missionary, full of zeal for the 
Catholic Church, explored the region of lakes Hu- 
ron and Michigan, at the head of a small company ; 
and in 1673 he discovered the Missouri river. He 
also explored the region now forming the State of 
Illinois. His chief object was to convert the In- 
dians to Christianity. 

6. Explorations of La Salle. — The energetic mis- 
sionary La Salle (lah-saV) was the next to ex- 
plore the Mississippi and the lake region. In 1673- 
80 he visited many of the localities about the head 
waters of the Mississippi, giving the names which 
they now bear. To all of the region west of the 

in America as an asylum for his oppressed brethren, and also to 
advance the glory of France. He sent out another colony under 
Laudonniere, and it was this which Melendez broke up and mas- 
sacred. {See Spanish 'Explorations and Settlements, Topics 21, 22 
end 23). 



82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Mississippi he gave the name of Louisiana, in honor 
of his sovereign, Louis XIV. 

7. The Jesuit Missionaries. — The " Society of 
Jesus," or Jesuits, was pledged to extend the Ro- 
man CathoHc faith over the world, at whatever 
cost of personal sacrifice or suffering. The exploits 
of the Jesuit missionaries among the Indians are 
of thrilling interest. In their intense zeal for the 
conversion of the savages, they endured terrible 
privations, losing many of their number by ex- 
posure, starvation, and the scalping knife. 



SECTION in. 

ENGLISH DISCOVERIES. 

1497—1607. 

1. The Cabots. — The English were not behind 
other nations in enterprise and discovery, John 
Cabot and Sebastian his son were commissioned by 
Henry VII, king of England, to undertake voyages 
of discovery. The design of the English, unlike 
that of the Spaniards, was acquisition of territory 
and colonization. In 1497 John Cabot made his 
first voyage in quest of new lands ; and on June 
24th discovered the main land of North America 
on the coast of Labrador.* This was one year be- 

*The land first seen, he named Prima Vista — first view — sup- 
posed to have been a part of Newfoundland. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 33 

fore Columbus discovered South America, and two 
years before Vespucci visited the continent. 

Sebastian Cabot inherited his father's plans and 
reputation, "and to his father's genius added a 
greater genius of his own." In 1498 he com- 
manded an expedition in search of a north-west 
passage to India — a folly of the times. After 
various unsuccessful attempts to penetrate the ice 
of the frozen zone, he returned to England.* 

2. Frobisher's Voyage. — In 1576 Martin Fro- 
BISHER, in three small vessels, sailed from England 
in search of the coveted north-west passage to 
Asia. One of his vessels was lost on the voyage, 
another, terrified at the prospect, returned home, 
but in the third the daring sailor pursued his course, 
attaining a higher latitude than any that had ever 
gone before him. He discovered the group of 
islands that lies in the mouth of Hudson's Strait ; 
also a large island farther north, which he supposed 
to be the mainland of Asia. He next discovered 
and entered the strait which still bears his name, 
then sailed for England, carrying home with him 
one of the Esquimaux [es'-kee-mo) and a stone which 
was declared by the English refiners to contain 
gold. 

*The king of England — Henry VII, — though quick to appre- 
ciate the value of Sebastian Cabot's discoveries, was slow to reward 
the discoverer. The Catholic king of Spain, after Henry's death, 
induced Cabot to take charge of the maritime affairs of that coun- 
try. While holding this high office, Cabot sent out many success- 
ful voyages. In the meantime the spirit of discovery had revived 
in England, and in 1548 Edward VI. induced the now aged Sebas- 

3 



34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Voyage of Sir Humphrey Gilbert. — After these 
explorations the English sent out several expedi- 
tions in search of a fabled land of gold, in the 
vicinity of Labrador, but this Eldorado proved to 
have been a story invented by the Esquimaux. 

The first attempt of the English to colonize 
America was made by the brave Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert, who, under authority of Queen Elizabeth, 
endeavored to establish a new settlement at New 
Foundland (1583). The enterprise was unsuccess- 
ful. On the passage back to England, Gilbert's 
vessel was lost in a storm and all on board perished. 
The other vessel of the expedition reached home 
in safety. 

4. Enterprise of Sir Walter Raleigh {raw' -lee). — 
This English nobleman, under the patronage of 
Queen Elizabeth, made several voyages to America; 
and, in 1587, established a temporary settlement on 
the island of Roanoke (ro-an-oke'), off the present 
coast of North Carolina.* Here the first white 
child of English parents in America was born. Her 
name was Virginia Dare. 

Raleigh called the lands he explored Virginia, in 
honor of Elizabeth, who was called the Virgin 
Queen. 

tian to return from Spain and become grand-pilot of England. 
He lived to be very old, but " the circumstances of his death have 
not been ascertained, and his place of burial is unknown." 

*In 1585 Raleigh fitted out a squadron and placed it in com- 
mand of Sir Eichard Grenville, who left a colony at Roanoke. 
The following year the colonists were reduced to the utmost dis- 
tress for want of provisions, and on Sir Francis Drake's stopping 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 35 

He was the first European to discover the use of 
tobacco, which was, until then, unknown in Europe.* 
He also introduced into the old country, the potato, 
which, like tobacco, is a native product of Amer- 
ica.f 

5. Fate of Raleigh. — Sir Walter Raleigh was pe- 
culiarly unfortunate. When James I. succeeded 

there, on his return from a successful expedition against the Span- 
iards in the West Indies, they all embarked with him for England. 
Another colony of fifteen, well provided with provisions, were left 
there ; but they were never heard of after, having been most proba- 
bly murdered by the Indians. In 1587 a third colony of one hun- 
dred and fifty adventurers were sent by Sir Walter Raleigh, under 
Captain White. In consequence of the threatened invasion of 
England by the famous Spanish Armada, it was three years before 
Haleigh could send relief to the colony by Captain White, who 
when he arrived there, found not one to tell their fate ; and fearing 
ior himself, returned at once to England, leaving not a single Eng- 
lish settler on the shores of America. 

*For some time he preserved great secrecy in his habit of 
smoking, till the practice was discovered by a ridiculous accident. 
He was one day enjoying his pipe in solitude, forgetful that he had 
ordered his servant to attend him with a goblet of ale. The ser- 
vant suddenly entering the study and finding, as he thought, his 
master's brains on fire, and evaporating in smoke through his 
mouth, frantically dashed the ale in his face, then rushing out of 
the room he alarmed the family with an account of the frightful 
scene he had witnessed. 

tPotatoes, tobacco and some other plants were unknown to 
Europeans till found on this continent; but wheat, rye, oats, bar- 
ley, apples, pears, peaches, and many other grains and fruits, 
were brought here by the first settlers. The potato was introduced 
into Ireland from Virginia in 1565, by a trader named Hawkins. 
Sir Francis Drake carried it to England in 1585, though it at- 
tracted little notice till it was a third time imported from America 
by Sir Walter Raleigh ; yet it was fully a century before its merits 
as food really began to be understood, as at first it was held to be 
£t only for feeding swine and cattle. 



36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Elizabeth to the throne of England, Raleigh was 
arrested for alleged conspiracy against the king 
and confined in prison for thirteen years, during 
which time he wrote a history of the world. He 
was finally released; but afterward tried on the old 
charge and beheaded.* He was a gallant and cul- 
tivated man. 

6. Bartholomew Gosnold. — In 1602 Bartholomew 
GosNOLD, by authority of the English government^ 
was the next to explore the shores of North Amer- 
ica. He pursued a direct course across the Atlan- 
tic, instead of the circuitous route followed by his 
predecessors. Hitherto, ships from the ports of 
England, France and Spain sailed first southward 
to the Canary Islands, thence to the "West Indies, 
and from there northward to the coast-line of the 

♦Raleigh was cheered in his confinement by the friendship of 
Henry, Prince of Wales, who admired the splendid talents of Sir 
"Walter, and used to say that "no king but his father would keep such 
a bird in a cage." Though released from prison, yet no formal par- 
don had been granted by the king, but Raleigh's friends thought it 
was not necessary to purchase one, since the king had appointed him. 
to the command of an expedition to Guiana, with the power of life 
and death over those under him. This expedition was fitted out 
at the instigation of Raleigh, to go in search of a rich gold mine, of 
which he said he had obtained information in a former voyage; 
but nothing was effected except the destroying of a Spanish town. 
The Spanish government complained of this act, and the king, who 
was desirous to keep on good terms with that government, resolved 
to sacrifice Raleigh to appease their resentment. He was first 
tried for misconduct in the late expedition, but was acquitted. 
The king then ordered the old sentence to be enforced. On the 
scaffold Raleigh behaved with great manliness and dignity. He 
desired to see the ax, and feeling the edge of it, said to the sheriff, 
"This is a sharp medicine, but a sure remedy for all evils." 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 37 

continent. By departing from this long and cir- 
cuitous way and sailing directly across, Gosnold 
reached the coast of Maine in seven weeks. He 
discovered and explored Cape Cod, Nantucket, 
Martha's Vineyard {vin'-yard), and the Elizabeth 
Islands, on the coast of Massachusetts. His main 
object was to found a colony, but none was suc- 
cessfull^' established. 

7. Other Attempts to Colonize. — In 1603 Martin 
Pring sailed for America; and, exploring the re- 
gion of Gosnold's discoveries, loadedhis vessel with 
sassafras, and returned home. 

The last voyage made by the English, prepara- 
tory'' to the actual establishment of a colony in 
America, was made by George Weymouth {way'- 
muth) in 1605. 



SECTION IV. 

DISCOVERIES OF THE DUTCH. 
1609—1610. 

1. Voyages of Henry Hudson. — In 1607 Sir Henry 
Hudson, an illustrious English nobleman, was em- 
ployed by a company of London merchants to at- 
tempt a discovery of a north-west passage to the 
Indies. He attained a higher point of latitude than 
was ever before reached, but the icebergs on the 
coast of Greenland and Spitzbergen {spiz-ber' jen), 
prevented his farther progress, and he was obliged 
to return to En el and. 



38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2. Hudson in Employ of the Dutch. — At this time 
Holland was the foremost maritime nation of the 
world. His own government refusing him further 
aid, Hudson went to Amsterdam, Holland, and was 
at once furnished with the means by the Dutch 
East India Company to prosecute his proposed dis- 
covery of a north-west passage. He proceeded on 
his voyage in 1609 ; and in his unsuccessful efforts to 
open up the coveted passage, he discovered and ex- 
plored Manhattan island and the beautiful river 
which bears his name. After trading with the na- 
tives of the vicinity and enjoying the picturesque 
scenery, he steered for Holland. 

3. Hudson A^aiu in English Employ. — The English 
merchants were now willing to grant assistance to 
Hudson. They were somewhat chagrined that he 
had been compelled to seek aid of Holland, and 
also envious of his discoveries in behalf of the 
Dutch. Strange to say, they claimed these discov- 
eries on the ground that Hudson was an English 
subject; also, on the strength of Cabot's discovery 
of the continent. These counter claims caused 
much trouble afterward. These merchants fur- 
nished him with an outfit, and in 1610 Hudson 
again attempted to find a north-west passage. 

4. Fate of Hudson. — He discovered the large bay- 
that bears his name ; and, while exploring it to 
find a north-west outlet, his ship was blocked up 
among the ice. His sailors became disheartened, 
and though spring, with its genial warmth had 
now come, they mutinied and cast him with his 
son and seven others adrift in a small boat. Noth- 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 39 

ing more was ever heard of the unfortunate Hud- 
son and his companions. 

5. New Netherland. — The Dutch possessions in 
America were called " l>[ew i^etherland," and were 
valued by them chiefly on account of the fur trade. 



SECTION V. 

EXPLORATIONS AND POSSESSIONS— REVIEWED. 

1. Extent of Spanish Explorations. — The Spaniards 
confined their explorations and settlements to the 
West Indies and the adjacent mainland; and, in 
the present limits of the United States, made settle- 
ments only in Florida and Xew Mexico.* 

The Spaniards claimed possession of the "West 
Indies, Yucatan {u-kay-tan'), Mexico, Florida, a 
large portion of the present Southern States, and 
the Pacific coast. They based their claim on the 
rights of discovery and exploration. The islands 
of Cuba and Porto Rico {re'-ko), with the Isle of 
Pines, alone remain of all their former vast posses- 
sions in America. 

2. Extent of French Explorations. — The French 
had explored the Great Lakes, the Mississippi and 
its shores from the Falls of St. Anthony to the 
Gulf; a large portion of the States now bordering 

*New Mexico was explored by Espejo {es-pai/ -ho) , who, in 
1582 founded Santa Fe [fa]/), which is the second oldest town in 
the United States. 



40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

on those waters ; and the Canadas and Acadia — 
the latter now called Nova Scotia and Kew Bruns- 
wick. All of this region they styled " New France," 
and claimed possession of the same by right of ex- 
ploration. The English also laid claim to it by 
virtue of previous discovery — by the Cabots. 
Hence the cause of future contention and war. 

3. Extent of English Explorations. — The English 
had explored the Atlantic coast at various times, 
and claimed this vast territory, naming it Virginia. 
This was also claimed by the French, as " New 
France." {See Map.) 

4. Extent of Dutch Explorations. — The Dutch laid 
claim to New Netherland, by virtue of Hudson's 
explorations. 



REVIEW OF DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. 

[Note to the Teacher. — Let each pupil memorize and recite 
the following tabulation; also have him write it in his blank 
book,] 

SPANISH. 

Columbns discovered America, October .12, 1492. 
Columbus discovered Cuba, November, 1492, 
Columbus discovered the Continent, August 10, 1498. 
Vespucci explored the Atlantic coast, 1499. 
De Leon discovered Florida, April 6, 1512. 
Balboa discovered the Pacific, September 26, 1513. 
(irijalvah discovered Mexico, 1518. 
De Ayllon explored coast of America, 1520. 
Magellan explored Western and Southern coast, 
1519-21. 



DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. 41 

De Narvaez explored Florida and Gulf region, 1528. 
De Soto discovered the Mississippi, 1541. 
Melendez explored coast of Florida, 1565. 

ENGLISH. 

The Cabots discovered and explored the Continent, 
1497. 

Martin Frobislier explored North-eastern coast, 1576. 

Sir Francis Drake* explored Western coast, 1578-80. 

Sir Humphrey Gilbert explored North-eastern coast, 
1583. 

Sir Walter Raleigh explored Middle coast, 1587-89. 

Bartholomew Gosuold explored coast of New Eng- 
land, 1602. 

Pring and Weymouth explored coast of New Eng- 
land, 1603-5. 

Sir Henry Hudson discovered Hudson Bay, 1610. 

FRENCH. 

Verazzana explored Atlantic coast, 1524. 

James Cartier discovered Gulf and River of St. Law- 
rence, 1534. 

Ribault and Laudonniere explored Florida coast, 
1562-64. 

Champlain and De Monts explored region of Great 
Lakes, 1605-8. 

Marquette and La Salle explored Mississippi Valley, 
1673-80. 

DUTCH. 

Henry Hudson discovered Manhattan Island and 
Hudson River, 1609. 

*The English gained nothing by Drake's expedition ; his ob- 
ject was to enrich himself by preying upon Spanish merchant 
vessels. 



42 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 43 



RECAPITULATION 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN FART J. 
(period of discovery and exploration.) 
1001, Lief Erickson's supposed discovery of America. 
1170, Madoc's supposed discovery of America. 
1302, The Mariner's Compass invented. 
1435, Christopher Columbus born in Genoa, Italy. 
1492, Columbus started on his voyage of discovery, 
August 3d. 

1492, Columbus discovered America, October 12th. 

1493, Columbus started homeward, January. 

1497, John Cabot discovered the Continent, June 
24th. 

1498, Columbus discovered the Continent, August 
10th. 

1499, Vespucci discovered the Continent. 

1506, Columbus died at ValladoHd, Spain, aged 71. 

1512, Ponce De Leon discovered Florida, April 6th. 

1513, Balboa discovered the Pacific, September 26th. 

1518, Grijalvah discovered Mexico. 
1519-21, Magellan sailed around the World. 

1519, Cortez went to Mexico. 

1520, De Ayllon explored the Middle coast of I^ortb 
America. 

1521, Cortez completed the conquest of Mexico. 
1524, Verazzana explored Atlantic shores of North 

America. 

1528, De Narvaez explored Florida and the Gulf 
region. 

1534, James Cartier discovered the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence. 



44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1535, Cartier explored St. Lawrence River. 
1539, De Soto made an expedition to America. 
1541, De Soto discovered tlie Mississippi. 
1562-64, Laudonniere colonized B'lorida, but is 

driven away. 
1565, Meleudez founded St. Augustine, the oldest 

town in the United States. 
1576, Martin Frobisher explored North-eastern 

coast. 
1578-80, Sir Francis Drake explored Western coast. 

1582, Santa Fe, second oldest town in the United 
States, founded. 

1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted to colonize 
Newfoundland. 

1587, Sir Walter Kaleigh attempted to colonize 
Koanoke. 

1587, Kaleigh introduced tobacco and potatoes into 
Europe. 

1587, Virginia Dare, the first white child of Eng- 
lish parents born in America. 

1602, Bartholomew Gosnold attempted to colonize 
Kew England. 

1603, Martin Pring attempted to colonize New 
England. 

1605, George Weymouth attempted to colonize 

New England. 
1605, Champlain founded the first French colony, 

at Port Royal, 

1608, Champlain founded Quebec. 

1609, Henry Hudson sought a North-west passage 
to India. 

1609, Hudson discovered Manhattan Island and 
Hudson River. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 45 

1610, Hudson discovered Hudson Bay. 

1673, Marquette explored the Mississippi aud lake 

region. 
1673-80, La Salle explored the Mississippi aud lake 

region. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

1. Under authority of what nations and sovereigns were discov- 

eries and explorations made? 

2. Name the Spanish di>coveries and explorations; the English; 

the French ; the Dutch. 

3. How many years passed hetween the discovery of Guanahani 

and tliat of the Mississippi? 

4. What claim was based upon the discovery of the Cabots? 

Wliat claim upon the discovery of Columbus ? What coun- 
ter claims upon the discoveries of Hudson? Upon what did 
the French base their claims to America? 

5. Xame those portions of America claimed by the Spanish, the 

English, the French, and the Dutch, respectively. 

6. Why was America called the New World f 

7. What is the modern name of Hispaniola? 

8. What discovery was made in 1541? In 1534? In 1518? In' 

1513? In 1512? In 1499? In 1497? In 1 009? 

9. What permanent settlements had been made in the New 

World to the year 1600? By what nation, and under what, 
king? 

10. Under what French sovereign were attempts made at coloniza- 

tion ? Under what English sovereign? 

11. By what route were goods from the East Indies obtained ? By 

what route are goods now usually obtained from there? 
What was the great object of Columbus's time? 

12. AMiat region did Columbus think he had reached? 

13. After whom ought this continent to have been named, and why ?' 

14. What navigator shortened the voyage across the Atlantic? 

15. Wio said, " Am i on a bed of roses f" 

16. Are horses native to America? 

17. What domestic animals were not originally found in America? 



46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

18. "What plant and esculent vegetable were indigenous to Amer- 

ica ? 

19. What grains and fruits were brought to America by the first 

settlers? 

20. What claims to the discovery of America prior to that of Co- 

lumbus ? 

21. What did Vasco de Gama discover, and when ? 

22. What, chiefly, led Columbus to believe that he could find land 

to the West ? 

23. Mention an incident showing the zeal which Queen Isabella 

manifested in the plans of Columbus. 

24. When, by whom, and under what circumstances was the first 

Huguenot colony massacred ? 

25. Tell what you have learned of Montezuma. Of Guatimozin. 

26. Whence came the Indians? What relics or remains of an an- 

cient race are still to be seen? 

27. To what sovereigns did Columbus apply for aid to make his 

first voyage? 

28. What did De Leon expect to find in Florida? 

29. Describe the expedition of De Soto. 

30. Name the first colony in the New World. The first permanent 

one. The first permanent French colony. The first perma- 
nent English colony. 
■31. Who was the first white child born in America ? 

32. What did Columbus do when he first landed upon American 

soil? 

33. What explorer was set adrift with his son and seven compan- 

ions in Hudson Bay? 

34. What was the lost colony of America? 

35. What did iVezo (Spam comprise? New France? New Netherland? 

36. What reply did Columbus make when the captain of the ves- 

sel in which he was taken home in chains, ofiered to remove 
his fetters ? 

37. What inscription did Columbus desire to have engraved on his 

tomb? 

38. What tradition existed among the Mexicans concerning the 

invasion of Cortez? 

39. How were the soldiers of Cortez armed? How many had 

muskets? In what were they all clothed? 

40. Kecite the chronological table of events recorded in Part I. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



47 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 



GENERAL REVIEW OF PART I. 



[Note to the Teacher. — Every "Analytic Synopsis" should 
be written upon the blackboard, from which the pujHls may recite 
— in review — without question or dictation by theteajher, — telling 
all they have learned regarding each topic] 



HAYTI, 
PORTO RICO. 



I. 



Discoveries 



and 



Dxplorations 



f GUANAHANI, 

r WEST INDIES j ^UBA. 

I 

CONTINENT, 

FLORIDA cOAStI^^^^^"^^' 

I HUGUENOTS. 

ATLANTIC COAST 
fl. SPANISH^ PACIFIC COAST, 
GULF COAST, 
PACIFIC OCEAN, 

(CONQUEST, 
MONTEZUMA, 
(iUATIMOZIN. 

L MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

r ATLANTIC COAST, 
GULF & R. ST. LAWRENCE, 
o FRPXrH J REGION OF GREAT LAKES, 
-. rivjiiii.n -j (.Q^g-p Qp FLORIDA, 

I ACADIA, 

[ MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 

fTHE CONTINENT, 
I PACIFIC COAST, 
NORTH-ATLANTIC COAST, 
3. ENGLISH] ROANOKE ISLAND, 

I COAST OF NEW ENGLAND, 
I MIDDLE-ATLANTIC COaST, 
L HUDSON BAY. 



[4. DUTCH 



/MANHATTAN, 
I HUDSON EIVEE. 



48 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



II, 



AKALTTIC SYNOPSIS— (Continued) 

r 1 «JP A XT«H / ON THE CONTINENT, 
1. arAi^isn^Qp ^^^j, WEST INDIES 



Extent of 



Possessions 



III, 



Discorerers 



and 



Explorers 



INDIES. 

r IN PRESENT UNITED STATES, 

2. FRENCH \ IN CANADA, 

( COUNTEK CLAIMS. 

q pTVPT T«i|T f VIRGINIA,— EXTENT, 

3. ENbLIhH I COUNTER CLAIMS. 

A T^TTTrw / NEW NETHERLAND, 

4. Utltn \ COUNTER CLAIMS. 

'COLUMBUS, — PLACES AND DATES. 

VESPUCCI,— " " " 

DE LEON,— " " 

BALBOA,— " " " 
fl. SPANISH-! GRIJ A LV AH,— " 

DE AYLLON,- " " « 

DE NARVAEZ,— " « " 

MAGELLAN,— " « " ■ 

DE SOTO,— " « « 

MELENDEZ,— « « " 



fVERAZZANA,— " 
C ARTIER,— 
CHAMPLAIN,— " 
DE MONTS,— " 
RIBAULT,— " 
LAUDONNIERE," 
I MARQUETTE, " 
[la SALLE,— " 



2. FRENCH 



fTHE CABOTS,— " 

FROBISHER,— " 

DRAKE,— " 

GILBERT,— " 

3. ENGLISH -{ RALEIGH,— 

GOSNOLD,— « 
PRING,— " 

WEYMOUTH,— " 

L HUDSON,— " 

L 4. DUTCH [HUDSON,— « 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 49 



GEOGRAPHICAL BEVIEW. 

[Note to the Teacher. — Eequire the pupil to make a copy of 
the Map, and to write in its proper place the name of each discov- 
erer or explorer; with the date.] 

1. Locate and date Cabot's discovery. 

2. Locate and date Hudson's discoveries. 

3. Locate and date Cartier's discoveries. 

4. Locate and date Gosnold's discoveries. 

5. Locate and date Columbus's several discoveries. 

6. Locate and date De Leon's discovery. 

♦ 7. Locate and date De Soto's route and discovery, 

8. Locate and date Grijalvah's discovery. 

9. Locate and date Balboa's discovery. 

10. Locate and date Vespucci's discovery. 

11. Locate and date the settlement of St. Augustine. 

12. Locate and date the settlement on Eoanoke Island. 

13. Locate and date Cortez's invasion of Mexico. 

14. Locate and date Champlain's explorations. 

15. Locate and date Marquette's and La Salle's explorations. 

16. Locate Port Koyal, Plymouth, Quebec, Jamestown, St. Augus- 

tine, San Salvador, and Cuba. 

17. At what point and when did Vespucci discover the Continent? 

18. Where did Ribault, De Monts, and Laudonniere attempt set- 

tlements ? 

19. Where are Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket Island, New Found- 

land, and Nova Scotia ? 

20. When and where did Narvaez land ? 

21. When and where did Verazzana explore? 

22. When and where did Columbus discover the Continent ? 

23. When and where did Raleigh make settlement ? 

24. Locate Isthmus of Darien (Panama), Albemarle Sound. 

25. Locate Chesapeake Bay, Hudson Bay. 

26. Name the four largest of the West Indies. 

27. Locate the Bahama Islands. 

28. Locate the Bermuda Islands. 



DISCOVERIES 
EXPLORATIONS 



NORTH AIVIERICA 

Scale of Miles 




Gosnnld 
t6( 

iiieyai 



teoa ' A 



■^Alhemnrel Sd.- ^ 



, OC5 

■ Augustine 



Tampa Bay 
Be Soto Fleet 1539 



Tortugas If 
MEXICO 

Cnrtn 

Vessel; 
151S 



^ 
^ 



% Ouanahani J. 
^ Columbus H92 




, SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 51 

PART II. 

PERIOD OF SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 

FKOM THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SI ITLEMENT TO THE 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

1607—1775. 

1. The Thirteen English Colonies.— We now come 
to the history of those Colonies which have devel- 
oped into the United States of America. They 
were as follows: 

The Eastern Co/o7?iV5.— Massachusetts (compris- 
ing also Maine), Connecticut, New Hampshire 
(comprising also the territory afterward called Ver- 
mont), and Rhode Island. 

The Middle Colo7nes.—New York, New Jersey, 
Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. 

The Southern Colonies.— Y\rg\ ma, North Carolina 
South Carolina, and Georgia. ' 



SECTION I. 

HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. 

JAMESTOWN COLONY. 

1. Settlement at Jamestown.— The first perma- 
nent English settlement in America was James- 
town, Virginia, situated on the James River.* In 

_ *The settlement was called Jamestown and the river, James in 
m honor of the km<r. The locality still retains the name, though 
nothing now remains but a few falling ruins. 



52 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1606 King James L issued two great patents au- 
thorizing his subjects to colonize all that part of 
North America lying between the 34th and 45th 
parallels of latitude. This immense tract extended 
from the mouth of Cape Fear River to Passama- 
quoddy Bay, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. 
One of these patents — embracing all the territory 
between the 34th and 38th degrees of latitude — was 
granted to the London Company, consisting of 
nobles, gentlemen, and merchants of London ; the 
other patent — embracing all the territory from the 
41st to the 45th degree — was granted to the Ply- 
mouth Company, a body similar to the former. 

On May 7th, 1607, the London Company sent 
over a colony of 105 persons in charge of Captain 
Christopher Newport. They selected the site of 
Jamestown, and immediately began to prepare for 
the emergencies of their new situation.* 

2. Character of these Settlers. — These Jamestown 
settlers were mostly men of unreliable and dissolute 
habits. Some of them were convicts from the jails 
of England; others were '^gentlemen," so called, 
who came over to America expecting to find plenty 
of gold, and to live without working; a few were 
mechanics and laborers. These last were the only 
ones of real service in the settlement. Hence, the 
progress of the colony at first was slow. 

*The original intention of the colony was to form a settle- 
ment at Eoanoke, but being driven by a violent storm north of 
that place, they discovered the entrance of Chesapeake Bay, the 
capes of which they named Charles and Henry, in honor of the 
king's sons. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 53 

3. Their (lovernment. — The government of the 
colony was vested in a Council, the members of 
which were appointed by the king and removed at 
his pleasure. The colony was to hold all property 
in common for iive years — an error that caused 
much trouble, idleness, and impediment to the well 
being of the settlers. 

4. Captain John Smith. — The most useful man 
among all these colonists was Captain John Smitu, 
who by his bravery and decision quelled disturb- 
ances and kept down hostile Indians. He was a 
truly remarkable man ; and before coming to Amer- 
ica had met with many singular adventures in 
Austria and Turkey. Though slandered by some 
of the colonists, he was the real "Father of Vir- 
ginia." 

5. Smith Captured by the Indians. — While ex- 
ploring the Chickahominy River, of Virginia, he 
was captured by the Indians and taken to Powhat- 
TAN [po 10 -hat-tan') their chief, who condemned him 
to die. lie exhibited great presence of mind dur- 
ing his captivity, and employed several ingenious 
expedients to prolong his life till his friends should 
come in search of him. In resisting capture, Smith's 
companions were killed and himself wounded. Un- 
der sentence of death, the Indians were about to 
dash out his brains with a club, when Pocahontas, 
the beautiful daughter of the chief, rushed forward 
and implored her father to spare the captive's life. 
The father, though a savage, was affected by this 
appeal, and ordered his warriors to desist. Smith 
was then conducted to Jamestown. This romantic 



54 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

incident is, however, pronounced a fiction by late 
liistorians. 

6. Pocahontas. — This interesting Indian maiden 
was thereafter a friend to the English, and on several 
occasions w^arned them of proposed Indian hostili- 
ties, thus preventing the extermination of the colo- 
nists. A young English nobleman among the 
settlers, named John Rolfe, loved her, and in 1613 
they were married in the little church at James- 
town. This marriage was not only a pleasing 
incident, but it also served to reconcile the Indians, 
till treachery on the part of some of the colonists 
broke the friendly bond. 

Rolfe took his dusky bride to England, where 
she was much esteemed and styled Lady Rebecca. 
As she was contemplating a return to America, she 
suddenly sickened and died at the age of twenty- 
two. She left a son, from whom some distinguished 
families of Virginia have descended. 

7. Condition of the Colony on Smith's Return. — 

After his return to Jamestown, Smith found the 
colony in a state of confusion, and many were pre- 
paring to return to England in their ship. By his 
iron will and power of persuasion, he induced them 
to abandon the project. 

8. More Iniiuigrants Arrive. — At this time Capt. 
ISTewport arrived very opportunely from England 
with more immigrants and much needed supplies. 
These were received with great rejoicing ; but the 
majority of the new comers were "gentlemen," 
gold hunters, jewelers, adventurers, and vaga- 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 55 

bonds — the very persons for whom the settlement 
had no use. Finding a few particles of glittering 
material in a sand-bank which they thought to be 
gold, the whole settlement was ablaze with excite- 
ment; and Newport loaded his vessel with it and 
sailed for England, believing that he had found un- 
told riches. On examination there, the " gold " 
proved to be nothing but glittering sand. The 
colonists now regarded Smith's judgment, which 
they ignored in their wild desire for gold. He in- 
sisted now, as he had before, that they should cul- 
tivate the land and improve the settlement. They 
now heeded him and elected him President of the 
Council. During his administration the colony 
prospered. 

9. A Second Charter. — In 1609 the London Com- 
pany granted the colony a new charter.* This 
vested the authority in a governor instead of a local 
council. The wants of the colonists were not con- 
sulted in this change, nor did the charter give them 
rights. 

10. At Starvation Point.— At this time (1610) 
Smith was wounded by an accident, and he was 

*A charter was. a writing, made lilie a deed, signed by the 
king, and having the great seal of England affixed. These written 
instruments, when made for the settlers in a wise and righteous 
manner, gave them {)rivileges which were of great value. But the 
first and second charters left with the king all the powers to gov- 
ern the country. "To the colonists no assurance was given, but 
the vague promise, that they should continue to be Englishmen. 
Religion was established by law, according to the forms and doc- 
trines of the Church of England." 



56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

compelled to return to England for medical treat- 
ment.* " His departure was like the going down 
of the sun " to the colony. His restraining in- 
fluence being removed, the settlers became a prey 
to disease and famine. Some were killed by In- 
dians; some turned pirates, and in six months they 
were reduced from 490 to 60. They resolved to 
abandon the place, and actually embarked ; but, 
meeting their new governor, Lord Delaware, with 
abundant supplies and a company of immigrants, 
they returned with great joy, and the colony again 
revived. 

11. A Third Charter. — Governor Delaware fell 
sick and had to return to England. His successor 
was Sir Thomas Dale, who induced the authorities 
in England to send out additional colonists and 
supplies. This was the turning point for the better 
in the history of the colony. A new charter was 
obtained (1612) which abolished the council in 
London, and the stockholders had power to regu- 
late afl'airs themselves. The settlers no longer 
labored in common, but each had a lot of ground 
to cultivate as his own. Under these wise provisions 
the people were contented and industrious. New 
immigrants continued to come over, bringing with 
them cows, goats, swine, and provisions.! 

*Four years after — in 1614 — he set sail from London, for the 
purpose of trade and discovery in America. He explored the 
shores from the Penobscot river to Cape Cod, and gave the name 
Ifew England to the country. He never returned to Virginia. 

tit must be remembered that none of these domestic animals 
were natives of America, a fact which we have already stated. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 57 

12. The First Colonial Assembly. — The first Legis- 
lative Assembly held in America was convened at 
Jamestown, June 28th, 1619. It consisted of the 
Governor, Council, and deputies chosen from the 
various plantations. Its laws had to be ratified by 
the company in England, but in turn the orders 
from England were not binding unless ratified by 
the Colonial Assembly. These privileges were af- 
terward (1621) embodied in a written constitution — 
the first of the kind in America. 

13. The Colonists Buy Wives. — The settlers of 
Jamestown were mostly single men — the few that 
were married had left their wives in England. 
About this time (1619), ninety young women of 
good breeding and modest manners were brought 
over by the company. These were readily sold as 
wives to the settlers. The price was the cost of 
their passage, ranging from 100 to 150 pounds of 
tobacco each.* They were willing to be thus 
" sold," and were legally married. Thus domestic 
ties were formed; and under their liberal charter, 
the colonists were happy and prosperous. 

14. Introduction of Slavery. — The early Spanish 
adventurers were the first to establish slavery in 
the New World — making slaves of the unfortunate 
Indians whom they subjugated. Many of these 
were, as we have seen, taken to Europe and sold. 

Negro slavery was first introduced into Virginia 
in 1620 by some Dutch merchants, who brought a 

*In Virginia, for a long time, tobacco was used as money ; in 
New York, beaver skins; in New England, wampum, made of 
shells. Tobacco was valued at three shillings (70 cents) per lb. 



58 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

number of negroes from Africa and sold them to 
the colonists. The price paid for a slave was in to- 
bacco to the amount of $150. 

15. First Indiau War. — rowhattan, the friend of the 
English since the marriage of Pocahontas, was now 
dead, and was succeeded by his brother, Opeciian- 
CANOUGH {op-e-kan-ka-no'), who, in 1622, planned a 
general uprising qf the Indians against the settlers. 
All the detached portions of the settlement were 
attacked at the same time; and in the massacre 
that followed, about 350 of the colonists were slain. 
This caused an Indian war, which brought much 
suffering upon the colony, and the Indians were 
not subdued for many months. 

16. Virginia made a Royal Province. — King James 
became jealous of the Company because of its pa- 
triotic sentiments, took away the charter in 1624^ 
and made Virginia a royal province. From this 
time the king appointed the governor and council, 
though the colony still retained its Assembly. 

17. Second Indian War. — In 1G44 the Indians 
again attempted to exterminate the English, but 
were themselves expelled from the region, though 
the colonists lost 500 men. 

18. Bacon's Rebellion. — The English government 
levied various restrictions upon the commerce of 
Virginia, and exacted heavy taxes from the people, 
as well as hampered their liberties. These proceed- 
ings were protested against by the colonists, and 
were the cause of much ill-feeling. " These difii- 
culties came to a crisis in April, 1676, when Gov- 



SETTLExMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 59 

ERNOR Berkeley* failed to provide sufficiently for 
the defense of the settlements against the Indians. 
At this juncture, Nathaniel Bacon, a patriotic 
young lawyer, rallied a company, defeated the In- 
dians, and then returned to meet the Governor, who 
had denounced him a traitor. During the contest 
which followed, Berkeley was driven out of James- 
town and the village itself burned. In the midst 
of this success Bacon died. No leader could be 
found worthy to take his place, and the people dis- 
persed. '^ Just 100 ijears after this, the king of Eng- 
land, by a similar course of oppression, lost all his col- 
onies in America. 

19. Future History. — The affairs of the colony 
from this period (1676) to the French and Indian 
War, were not of sufficient importance and interest 
to require notice in a School History. The history 
of Virginia will therefore be resumed in connection 
with that war. 

*The character of Berkeley's administration maybe inferred 
from a communication made by him to the English Council. "I 
thank God," he wrote, " there are no free schools or printing, and 
I hope we shall have none these hundred years ; for learning has 
brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and 
printing has divulged them, and libels against the best government. 
God keep us from both." 

[Note to the Teacher. — The teacher should here require the 
pupil to prepare a chronological table of the dated events given in 
the history of Virginia (1607-1(570), and have him recite it. The 
pupil should write from memory, and preserve in a blank book the 
various lists, tables, etc., which he is directed to recite. In recita- 
tion the blackboard may be used to exhibit his work.] 



60 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

SECTION 11. 

HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND. 

PLYMOUTH COLONY. 

1. North and South Virginia. — As we have already 
seen, tlie narae of Virginia was given to all that 
part of Korth America between the 34th and 45th 
degrees of latitude. From the 34th to the 38th 
degree was called South Virginia; from the 41st 
to the 45th degree was called North Virginia. 
The portion between the 38th and 41st degrees was 
left equally open to the colonies of either company. 
North Virginia was explored by Capt. John Smith, 
who called that part from Penobscot to Cape Cod, 
New England. 

2. Settlement of Plymouth {pUm'-uth).— The Ply- 
mouth Company had now given place to the Coun- 
cil for New England, consisting of forty English 
noblemen. To this body King James gave almost 
unlimited power to colonize and manage affairs. 
But "New England was destined to be settled with 
no consent of king or council." 

On the 21st day of December, 1620, a band of 
100 Pilgrims, or Puritans landed from the 3Iay- 
flower upon the bleak shores of New England.* 

*About 1592 a law was passed in England requiring all per- 
sons to attend the established church, under penalty of banishment, 
and if they returned, of denth. The Puritans — living in the north 
of England — who were dissenters from the Church of England, 
could not conscientiously comply with these exactions. With their 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 61 

These immigrants were dissenters from the estab- 
lished church of England, and were constrained to 
leave England from persecution on account of their 
religion; and, because of their peculiar notions, 
were styled Puritans, in derision. They preferred 
to come to the wilds of America, where they could 
worship God as they believed to be right. The spot 
where they landed has been called Plymouth Rock. 
Their little settlement they named Plymouth, 
which is situated on the eastern coast of Massachu- 
setts. 

3. Character of the Puritans. — The Puritans, or 
"Pilgrim Fathers" were distinguished by a stern 
abhorrence of gayety and amusement, a profound 
love for civil and religious liberty, and firmness in 
adhering to what they conceived to be the teach- 
ings of Scripture. 

pastor, John Eobinson, they determined to exile themselves tO' 
Holland, that they might enjoy their religion unmolested. But 
this undertaking was accompanied with many difficulties. They 
were several times arrested, imprisoned and otherwise wantonly 
persecuted, but their piteous condition and Christian demeanor 
softened, at length, the hearts of their persecutors, and they were 
allowed to depart for Holland. They settled at first in Amsterdam, 
but becoming dissatisfied, they removed to Leyden [LV-dev). By 
their industry, frugality, and uprightness, they here gained the re- 
respect of all ; but the manners and customs of the Dutch were so 
much at variance with their own, that, after a few years, they re- 
solved to emigrate to America. There they could found a church 
where not only the oppressed in England, but also unborn genera- 
tions, might enjoy a pure worship. They embarked in two vessels, 
the Speedwell and the Mayflmver ; but the Speedwell springing a leak, 
they were compelled to send her back. Crowding themselves into 
the Mayflower, they reached tlie inhospitable coast of New England 
after a long and stormy passage. 



62 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. Their HanLsliips.— The Puritans suiiercd much 
from the severity of the climate. It must be borne 
iu mind that New England, though in the latitude 
of Italy, has a much colder climate than that of 
England. The tirst winter (1(320-10-21) was espe- 
cially severe upon them, and many died before the 
return of spring. Though the Indians did not 
molest them at this time, yet the Puritans were 
uneasy about them. They elected Miles Standish, 
a brave young man, to lead in the event of attack. 

5. Treaty with the Indians.— One day in early 
spring, an Indian visited the colony, saluting them 
in broken English, " Welcome, Englishmen.'^ This 
was Sam'-o-set, who stated by signs that his chief, 
Mas-sa-so'-it, would visit them. Massasoit came, 
and a treaty was made that lasted for fifty years. 

6. Progress of the Colony.— The progress of the 
colony was slow indeed. Their tirst harvest was a 
failure. A pint of corn was all they had at this 
their " starving time ;" yet, they were cheerful and 
praised God for his manifold blessings. At tirst 
they worked in common, as the settlers of James- 
town had done ; but this plan failed here as in Vir- 
ginia, and land was assigned to each settler. As a 
result, abundance ensued. They elected their own 
Governor and made their own laws. Ten years 
after coming to America they obtained from the 
Council for New England a grant of the land which 
they occupied. The colony was never a royal 
province. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 63 



MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. 

1. Settlement. — In 1629 John Endicott and five 
other persons obtained a grant of land about Mas- 
sachusetts Bay, also securing a royal charter, which 
gave them authority to make laws and govern the 
territory. Under this authority Governor Endicott 
induced many prominent Puritan families of Eng- 
land to flock to this land of liberty. They settled 
Salem, Charlestown, Dorchester, Watertown, and, 
in 1630, one thousand under Governor Winthrop, 
founded Boston. 

2. Puritan Intolerance. — Though the Puritans 
came to America to avoid persecution, and claimed 
the right to worship as their consciences dictated, 
yet they were unwilling to grant the same liberty 
in their colony to others of different religious tenets. 
They banished from their settlements all persons 
that were not of the same belief as themselves. 
Among those thus exiled were Koger Williams, an 
eloquent and pious young minister, and Mrs. Anne 
Hutchinson.* These found refuge among the In- 
dians. Williams, with his followers, settled upon 
land given him by a Narragansett chief, and named 
his settlement Providence. {See Rhode Island.) 

*Mr8. Hutchinson was a woman of genius, and desired the 
privilege of speaking at religious assemblies. Indignant at the re- 
fusal, she became the champion of her sex, and denounced the 
ministers as defrauding women of the gospel. She spoke much in 
public, advocated full freedom of conscience, and had many fol- 
lowers ; but her doctrines were regarded by the church as false and 
dangerous, and she, with the most determined of her adherents, 



64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Their Persecution of Quakers. — The Quakers in 
particular were objects of dislike, and stringent laws 
were passed forbidding them to settle in Puritan 
territory. The denomination of Friends, or Qua- 
kers, had arisen in England. The persecuting 
spirit of the Puritans, as in the cases of Roger Wil- 
liams and Mrs. Hutchinson, did not deter the Qua- 
kers from coming to America. They thought the 
Puritan religion consisted too much in outward 
form and too little in inward purity. They believed 
that "■ a voice from a divine inward monitor " called 
them to go to New England to warn the Puritans 
of their errors. Though imprisoned, tortured, and 
banished, yet the Quakers returned, and boldly de- 
nounced the religion of the Puritans. Four of 
them were actually hanged, when the Puritans saw 
their error, and ceased their persecutions. 

4. Legal Voters Auioug the Puritans. — The rights 
of voting and holding office were confined to church 
members ; and the Bible was adopted as the only 
basis of law and rule of public action. 

5. Eliot, The Indian Apostle. — In 1631 John Eliot 
came to America from England, and became the 
minister at lioxbury, Massachusetts. With a view 
to reforming and Christianizing the Indians, he 
applied himself to the study of their language. He 
devoted the greater part of his life to the mission- 
was banished. Excommunicated from the church, she became an 
outcast. She went first to Rhode Island to join the settlement 
which her followers had there made; thence she removed with her 
family to the j^resent State of New York, where she met death iti 
its most appalling form — that of an Indian midnight massacre. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 65 

ary work, translating the whole Bible into the In- 
dian language, and publishing several other works 
of a religious character. He taught the Indian 
women to spin, and the men to cultivate the soil. 
He also established simple forms of government for 
them. He has received the name of " The Indian 
Apostle." He died in 1690. 

6. King Philip's War. — In 1675 a bloody war 
with the Indians of New England broke out. This 
is called " King Philip's War." Philip was a saga- 
cious and determined chief. He saw that unless 
the encroachments of the whites were checked, 
they would soon spread themselves all over the 
land and deprive the Indians of their "hunting 
grounds." He therefore stirred up the various 
tribes to war, and the conflict that followed was 
terrible. Villages were burned ; and men, women, 
and children slain. All New England was threat- 
ened with exetrmination ; but the several colonies 
combined against the savages and defeated them. 
Philip was driven to a swamp, where, in attempt- 
ing to escape, he was shot by a friendly Indian 
acting with the whites.* 

*In 1660 Charles II. of England, who had been deposed, was 
restored to the throne, and he put to death many persons who had 
brought about the execution of his father — Charles I. One of the 
judges who had condemned his father was Goffe (goff), who, to 
escape the vengeance of the son, found refuge in New England. 
The king sent an order for his arrest, but the people refused to 
give him up. One of Goffe's hiding places was in the vicinity of 
Hadley, Mass., and during Philii^'s war, the Indians attacked the 
place, while the people were at church. Amidst the confusion and 
bewilderment of the people, a strange being, with long, white hair 

5 



66 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

7. Salem Witchcraft.* — In 1692 a strange delu- 
sion arose in Massachusetts regarding witchcraft. 
It first appeared at Salem. At first only children 
were afiected. They seemed at times to be greatly 
distressed without apparent cause. Older persons 

and beard, and bowed down with age, suddenly appeared ; and, 
leading the whites to the charge, soon routed the savages. The 
wondering people looked about for their deliverer, but he had dis- 
appeared. For a long time they believed that an angel had been 
sent for their deliverance. This " strange being " was Goffe the 
Regicide, who, from his place of concealment, saw the Indians 
creeping upon the whites, and at once determined his course of ac- 
tion. 

*The practices of witches ; enchantments ; intercourse with the 
devil. The most fatal effects of this delusion were produced at 
Salem. At first old women, only, were suspected of having leagued 
with the devil, to inflict upon the persons who complained, the 
various torments, which they asserted, they felt. ' A belief in 
•witchcraft was at that time (1692) universal. Sir Matthew 
Hale, one of the most enlightened judges of England, often tried 
and condemned persons accused of witchcraft. The manner in 
■which those who were supposed to be afflicted with this malady 
were troubled, is thus described by Cotton Mathek, the most 
prominent minister of New England at that time, and who was 
active in the rooting out of this supposed crime: "Sometimes 
they were deaf, sometimes dumb, sometimes blind, and often all 
this at once. Tlwir tongues Avould be drawn down their throats, 
and then pulled out upon their chins to a prodigious length. Their 
mouths were forced open to such a wideness that their jaws went 
out of joint; and anon would clap together again with a force like 
that of a spring-lock; and the like would happen to their shoulder- 
blades, and their elbows, and their hand-wrists, and several of 
their joints. Sometimes they would be benumbed, and be drawn 
violently together, and presently stretched ont and drawn back. 
They complained that they were cut with knives and struck with 
blows, and the points of the wounds were seen upon them." We 
can not believe that all this actually took place ; probably the per- 
sons were singularly affected, and the excited fancies of those who 
looked on, added the rest of the picture. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 67 

were afterwards afflicted, who finally declared 
themselves bewitched. Various persons were ac- 
cused of the crime; and the horrible superstition 
attained such influence that about twenty persons 
were tried, convicted, and executed. More than 
fifty were tortured or frightened into confessing 
themselves guilty, and many suffered imprison- 
ment. In a 3^ear or two, however, the delusion 
subsided, and the people returned to their senses. 
The memory of these transactions is a source of 
national sorrow and humiliation. 



MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

1. Their Common History. — These two colonies 
were so intimately united with Massachusetts that 
they have almost a common history. The Council 
for New England granted the territory to Gorges 
and Mason in 1623. Gorges selected the country 
now forming Maine, and Mason the territory now 
called New Hampshire. Massachusetts, however, 
claimed the territory of Maine, and to secure it, 
bought it from the heirs of Gorges. It formed a 
part of Massachusetts till 1820, when it was sepa- 
rated into a distinct State. ' Mason settled New 
Hampshire at Dover in 1623, naming the territory 
in remembrance of the county of Hampshire, Eng- 
land, his former home. It was united to Massa- 
chusetts in 1644. 



68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

CONNECTICUT. 

1. The First Settlement. — Connecticut {kon-net'-i- 
cut) was settled at Windsor in 1633, by emigrants 
from Massachusetts. It derived its name from the 
Connecticut river, an Indian word, signifying 
'■'■Long River." 

There were three colonies afterward established : 
(1). The New Haven Colony^ founded in 1638 by a 




number of wealthy London families. The Bible 
was their only law, and only church members could 
vote. (2). The Connecticut Colony proper, compris- 
ing Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor, in which 
all freemen were allowed to vote — a right granted 
them by a written constitution framed by the peo- 
ple. (3). The Saybrook Colony, established in 1635 
by Lords Say and Brook, which they afterward 
sold to the Connecticut Colony. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 69 

2. The Pequod Indians. — The settlers of the Con- 
necticut Colony were much annoyed by a tribe of 
Indians called Pequods. In 1637 Captain John 
Mason, with a company of men, went among them, 
burned their villages and destroyed almost the 
whole nation in one day.* 

3. Union of the New England Colonies. — In 1643 

the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connec- 
ticut, and New Haven united for mutual protection 
under the title of the " United Colonies of New 
"England." At this time these four colonies con- 
tained 20,000 inhabitants and fifty villages, f 

*The Pequods (or Pequots) were a warlike tribe, and regarded 
the whites with distrust. These Indians having murdered, without 
provocation, a trader named Oldham, a party of the settlers under 
Endicott avenged the deed by destroying their wigwams and crops 
on Block Island, and crossing to the main land demanded from the 
Pequods damages for various injuries sustained at their hands and 
some of their children as liostages. Tiiese being refused, the whites 
laid waste part of their country. This kindled the flame of re- 
venge in the breasts of the Pequods, and they practiced all the 
wiles and cruelties of Indian warfare. Solitary houses were at- 
tacked ; men were shot down wliile working in the fields; women 
and children were murdered round the fireside. Assisted by a 
tribe of Indians at war with the Pequods, the settlers, with Captaia 
Mason at their head, determined to subjugate or exterminate them. 
Mason's party attacked them in their village at night, but, though 
taken by surprise, the savages defended themselves with bravery. 
The battle wns doubtful, when Mason decided to set fire to their 
wigwams. This decided the fate of the Pequods. The English 
and iheir red allies formed a circle round the burning huts and 
slew their enemies without mercy, as the fire drove them into sight. 
Others of the Pequods were afterward hunted down and either slain 
or sold into captivity, and the tribe ceased to exist. 

t To this union the colonics were strongly urged, by a sense of 
common danger from the Indians (a general combination of whonx 



70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. The Charter Oak.— In 16G2 the Connecticnt 
Colonies obtained a, liberal charter, which granted 
them almost independence, and was the most fav- 
orable yet given to any colony. 

In 1687 the king of England became displeased 
with some of the acts of the colonies, and thinking 
they were enjoying too much liberty, sent Sir Ed- 
mund Andros to take away their charter. Now, 
the people did not wish to be deprived of this 
charter, and when they had assembled at evening 
by order of Andros to yield it up, the lights in- 
the room were suddenly extinguished. When re- 
lighted, the charter, which had been lying upon 
a table, Avas nowhere to be found. The tyrant 
Andros was obliged to leave without the document. 
William Wadsworth 'had blown out the lights; 
and, seizing the charter, hid it in the hollow of an 
oak tree in the vicinity of Hartford. This tree was 

was expected), and by tlie claims and encroachments of the Dutch, 
at Manliattan, New York. By the articles of union each colony 
retained its distinct and separate government. No two colonies 
might be united into one, nor any colony be received into the con" 
federacy, without the consent of the whole. Each colony was to 
elect two commissioners, who should meet annually, and at other 
times, if necessary, and should determine " all affairs of war and 
peace, of leagues, aids, charges, and numbers of men of war," etc. 
Upon notice that any colony was invaded, the rest were imme- 
diately to dispatch assistance. This union subsisted more than 
forty years, until the charters of the colonies were either taken 
away, or suspended, by James II. and his commissioners. The 
effects of this union were very salutary. Several Indian tribes 
submitted to the English ; and the colonies also became formida- 
ble, by means of h, to the Dutch. This confederacy was also made 
subservient to the civil and religious improvement of the Indians. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 71 

ever after called the " Charter Oak." * Andros 
afterward (1689) tyrannized over the people of 
Boston, but was finally deposed ; and then the peo- 
ple of Connecticut brought forth their secreted 
charter, f 

From this time till the Kevolution, New England 
remained a royal province. 



KHODE ISLAND. 

1. Settlement. — Banished from Massachusetts by 
the intolerance of the Puritans, Roger Williams 
and his friends settled at the head of Xarragansett 
Bay in 1636, naming the settlement Providence 
Plantation. Williams was very liberal toward all 
religious denominations, and many persons from 
Massachusetts settled in Rhode Island. Some of 
these in 1639 founded Newport, on the southern 
part of the island of Rhodes (rodes), in Narragan- 
sett Bay. This island was so named from its re- 
semblance to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediter- 
ranean Sea. Hence the name Rhode Island. 

* "This celebrated tree continued to exist and to be regarded 
as one of the most interesting historical mementos of the country, 
till the year 1856, when it fell to the ground." 

t The appointment of Andros as governor-general was very 
displeasing to the Puritans. His acts were arbitrary and rigidly 
enforced. In civil matters as well as in those pertaining to wor- 
ship he violated the long established customs of the people. All 
marriage ceremonies not performed by a minister of the Church of 
England were pronounced illegal. It is said, however, that Gov- 
ernor Andros's private character was good, and his despotic acts 
were merely the carrying out of the policy of the king. 



72 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2. Rhode Island Obtains a Charter.— *In 1644 Wil- 
liams visited England as agent of the settlers, and 
secured a charter, which united the two Plantations 
of Providence and llhode Island. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

1. Under what sovereign was the colonization of Virginia accom- 

plished? Chiefly by whom? 

2. How long after the discovery of America was Jamestown 

founded ? How long after the founding of St. Augustine ? 

3. Prepare and recite a Chronological Table of the dated events 

mentioned in Sections I and II, (history of Virginia and of 
New England.) 

4. Name the colonies of New England organized between 1620 

and 1643. Which of these formed a union in 1643? What 
was the object of this union? What were the effects of it? 

5. What Indian chiefs are mentioned in these two sections? 

6. What, principally, induced emigration to New England ? 

7. What was the price of a negro slave when first brought to Vir- 

ginia colony ? 

8. When and where did the first Legislature convene in America? 

9. Who was the first white man to use tobacco? 

10. Who was the " Indian Apostle ? " 

11. What Puritan was a great Indian fighter ? 

12. What was the origin of the names Cape Henry and Cape 

Charles ? 

*In 1G48 Rhode Island petitioned to be admitted to the New 
England Confederacy, but was denied, unless she would be incor- 
porated with Plymouth and lose her separate existence. This she 
refused, and was consecjuently excluded. 

[Note to the Teachek. — The pupil should write, from memory, 
the various lists, tables, etc., which he is directed to recite, and pre- 
serve them in a blank book. In recitation the blackboard may be 
used to exhibit his work.] 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 73 

13. What Avas Pocahontas called in England? 

14. Define a charter. 

15. What things were used as money in early colonial times? 

16. Who, only, were legal voters among the Puritans? 

17. Describe the strange delusion that rose in Massachusetts in 1692. 

18. Describe the destruction of the Pequods. 

19. Eelate the story of the " Charter Oak." 

20. When was the "starving time" in Virginia? 

21. What was the name of the vessel that brought the Puritans to 

America ? 



SECTION III. 

THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 
NEW YORK. 

1. Settlement. — As we liave seen, the Dutch 
claimed Manhattan Island and the territory border- 
ing on the Hudson, by virtue of Hudson's discov- 
eries. They visited this region to traffic in furs 
with the Indians. The whole island of Manhattan, 
on which 'the city of New York now stands, was 
purchased by the Dutch of the Indians for about 
twenty-four dollars. 

In 1613 a Dutch colon}^ under the patronage of 
the "West India Company settled New Amsterdam, 
afterward called New York, and also Fort Orange 
(Albany) in 1615. The settlers were allowed to 
select and buy land of the Indians \Wiich should 
descend to their heirs forever.* [See ^'-Harrison and 
Tyler's Administration'' Topic 10.) 

2. Troubles of the Colonists. — The Dutch colonists 
for more than twenty years were involved in In- 

* The proprietary lords of the early Dutch settlements of New 
York and New Jersey — called Patroom^ — were granted remarkable 
privileges, and clothed with almost iirincely powers. On condition 



74 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

dian wars, and in difficulties with the Swedes on 
the Delaware and the English on the Connecticut. 
These disputes arose from the fact that the Dutch 
claimed the territory between the Delaware and 
Connecticut rivers. 

3. Manhattan Taken by the English. — The Eng- 
lish coveted Manhattan; and in 1664 they besieged 
the Dutch settlements thereon. Peter StuyveSant 
(sW-ve-sant), the last governor of the Dutch, had 
been somewhat of a tyrant over them, and was 
consequently disliked. When the English sum- 
moned them to surrender, the Dutch, remembering 
the tyranny of Stuyvesant, and believing that they 
might enjoy more freedom under English rule, re- 
fused to fight ; and the English under Nichols took 
possession without bloodshed. The name of the 
place was now changed from New Amsterdam to 
New York, in honor of the Duke of York, after- 
ward James II. of England. * 

4. New York Under English Rule. — The Dutch 
colonists of New York did not enjoy the freedom 
under the English which they had anticipated. 

that they would bring a colony of fifty persons to America, they 
were permitted to select lands on any river bank, of prescribed di- 
mensions. Aided by subordinates appointed by themselves, these 
Patroons exercised absolute sway over the people of their colonies. 
No person could quit the Patroon's service until the time of con- 
tract had expired, whether treated well or not ; and the only priv- 
ilege which these tenants enjoyed was an exemption from taxation 
for ten years. 

* In 1673 — nine years after the English occupation — Manhat- 
tan was re-taken by the Dutch ; but this second Dutch rule lasted 
but fifteen months, when the whole of the New Netherlands was 
ceded to England. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 75 

The tyrant Andros, who afterward oppressed the 
people of 'New England, was appointed governor, 
and he ruled with a rod of iron. He was so arbi- 
trary that his king recalled him. 

Captain Leisler {lie'-sler) next administered public 
affairs very prudently, but was opposed by the aris- 
tocracy ; and when superceded by Gov. Slaughter, 
he was arrested and tried for treason. His enemies, 
made the G-overnor drunk, obtained his signature 
to the death warrant, and before he became sober 
Leisler was executed. From this time till the 
Revolution, the history of New York is a record of 
struggles for political rights, which developed a 
spirit of liberty. 

5. The Story of Captain Kidd. — Between the years 
1696 and 1699 the Atlantic Ocean on the coast of 
America was infested by pirates. To break up 
their depredations on commerce, the English em- 
ployed a sea captain named Robert Kidd, to com- 
mand a vessel against them ; but after getting out 
to sea, Kidd and his men decided to turn pirates 
themselves, and they became the most famous sea 
robbers ever known. Kidd roved the seas for a 
year or two, amassing great treasures, which it was 
said he hid somewhere on Long Island. 'Some per- 
sons have actually dug over many portions of the 
island in search for the hidden treasures, but the 
story of his secreted gold is now considered fabu- 
lous.* 

*Kid(I was arrested in 1701 while boldly walking the streets of 
Boston. He was taken to Loudon for trial, was convicted, and exe- 
cuted for his crimes. 



76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

NEW JERSEY. 

1, Settlement. — New Jersey was fii*st permanently 
settled by the English at Elizabethtown in 1664, by 
a company from Long Island and !N^ew England. 
The Dutch claimed the territory and had before 
(1624) made a settlement at Bergen {ber'-jen). The 
English proprietors divided their grant into West 
Jersey and East Jersey — the former afterward owned 
and settled by a company of Quakers, who founded 
Burlington. Other Quakers followed, and West 
Jersey became a Quaker colony. East Jersey was 
afterward sold to William Penn and eleven other 
Quakers. The two Jerseys were finally united 
under one Governor. In 1738 New Jersey was 
made a royal province. It derived its name from 
the island of Jersey in the English Channel. 



PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. 

1. Delaware Settled. — In 1638 the Swedes, under 
the auspices of the king of Sweden, settled at a 
point near Wilmington, naming the lands New 
Sweden. The Dutch troubled this settlement and 
conquered it (1655), but it continued to prosper 
even after the English had annulled both Swedish 
and Dutch rule. 

2. Pennsylvania Settled. — William Penn,* a phi- 
lanthropic Quaker, obtained from the king of 

*William Penn was the first legislator whose criminal code 
admitted the humane principle that the object of punishment is 
not merely to prevent crime, but also to reform the offender. Penn 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 7T 

England a grant of a large tract of land embracing 
the present States of Pennsylvania and Delaware, 
the latter termed " the three lower counties on the 
Delaware." Penn's object in colonizing this tract 
was to found a refuge for his Quaker brethren, who 
were bitterly persecuted in England. In 1681 he 
sent over about 2,000 Quaker settlers; the next 
year he came himself, and was received by them 
with great cordiality. 

3 Philadelphia Laid Out. — They settled on the 
present site of Philadelphia, which they called the 
" City of Brotherly Love." Penn named his land 
Sylvia, which means woods, and it was afterward 
styled " Penn's Woods," or Pennsylvania. Al- 
though he had obtained this territory from the 
king of England, yet he considered the rights of 
the Indians and paid them for the land. A treaty, 
which was never broken, was made with them under 
a large elm tree. His treatment of them was al- 
ways just and generous. The result was that " not 
a drop of Quaker blood was ever shed by an In- 
dian." Thus the colony prospered from the start. 
Penn's great law was that no person believing in 

died in 1718, leaving behind him the character of a truly pious 
and good man. He, with the others of his sect, was bitterly per- 
secuted in England. He was twice impcisoned by the government 
for his religious opinions, and many false accusations were brought 
against him ; but he lived to see every suspicion wiped away from 
his reputation, and his life teaches us that the world fails not to 
honor a man of active kindness, liberality, honesty and truth. The 
Indians, conciliated by his kindness, remained for seventy years at 
peace with the inhabitants; and thus, until the French and Indian 
War, nothing occurred in Pennsylvaniarto interrupt her prosperity. 



78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

"Almighty God" should be molested in his reli- 
gious views. Unlike the Puritans, though perse- 
cuted themselves, the Quakers did not persecute 
others of different religious belief. * 

Pennsylvania and Delaware remained under one 
governor till the Revolution. 



MARYLAND. 

1. First Settlement. — In 1634 Lord Baltimore 
(Cecil Calvert) having obtained a grant of land 
from the king of England, came to America with, 
200 colonists, mostly Roman Catholics and men of 
standing. They established a colony at St. Marks, 
on Chesapeake Bay, naming the territory Mary- 
land, in honor of Henrietta Maria, queen of 
Charles I. Lord Baltimore's object was to estab- 
lish an asylum for the oppressed of all religious 
denominations. Christianity was the basis of the 
laws, but all sects were treated alike. Under such 
generous laws the colony increased and prospered. f 

* No part of America was settled more rapidh' than Pennsyl- 
vania. The soil was fertile, the climate mild and agreeable, and 
deer and other wild animals were abundant. The government ar- 
ranged by Penn being just and liberal, gave perfect freedom to 
every person to worship God in his own way. Thus at peace 
among themselves, the Indians being made their friends by justice 
and gentleness, the people of this colony afforded a striking con- 
trast to the less fortunate settlements in the north and east. At- 
tracted by these favorable circumstances, numerous emigrants 
flocked to Pennsylvania ; and in four years after Penn received 
the grant, the province contained twenty settlements, and the city 
of Philadelphia two thousand inhabitants. 

t The colony flourished, as well in consequence of its pleasant 
situation as the liberal policy of its government. These Catholics 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 79 

2. Clayborne's Rebellion. — The sole enemy of the 
colony was a man named Clayborne, who, with his 
associates, had established two independent trad- 
ing-posts within the territory granted to Lord 
Baltimore, and refused to acknowledge his au- 
thority. A rebellion ensued (1635) which resulted 
in the defeat of Clayborne, who fled to Virginia. 
He was thence sent to England for trial on the 
charge of treason, but was acquitted. 

3. "Mason and Dixon's Line." — The disputed 
boundary between the Maryland and Pennsylvania 
colonies was finally settled (1762) by Mason and 
Dixon, two civil engineers, appointed by the Eng- 
lish government. The boundary thus established 
has since been called " Mason and Dixon's Line." 

4. Religious Troubles. — The Protestants having 
gained power in the colon}^, assailed the Catholic 
faith and excluded Catholics from the Assembly 
(1635). The heirs of Baltimore were deprived of 
their rights; and Maryland became a royal prov- 
ince. In 1715, however, the Catholics were again 
restored to power, and thus Maryland remained 
till the Revolution. 

did not persecute those who differed from tbem in religious opin- 
ion. Lord Baltimore and Roger Williams seem to have discov- 
ered, about the same time, that every man has a right to worship 
God as he pleases. 



80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

SECTION IV. 

THE SOUTHERN COLONIES* 
THE CAROLINAS. 

1. The Two Settlements. — The Carolinas were 
settled at Albemarle in 1663 by Lord Clarendon 
and several other English noblemen, who obtained 
from Charles II. a grant of a vast tract south of 
Virginia, which was named Carolina in honor of 
the king, whose name in Latin is Carolus. Many 
Huguenots, who made excellent citizens, settled in 
the Carolinas, and were always desirable. f 

There were two distinct settlements made; the 
other being the Carteret Colony — forming the pres- 
ent State of South Carolina, of which Charleston 
was the iirst settlement — made in 1670. In 1729 
these two colonies were separated under the names 
of North Carolina and South Carolina. 

2. The Laws of Locke. — The English philosopher, 
John Locke, constructed a code of laws called the 

♦Virginia, the settlement of which has been given, was a 
Southern colony. 

t"In Charleston alone there were at one time as many as 
16,000 Huguenots, They added whole streets to the city. Their 
severe morality, marked charity, elegant manners, and thrifty 
habits, made them a most desirable acquisition. They brought the 
mulberry and olive, and established magnificent plantations on the 
banks of the Cooper. They also introduced many choice varieties 
of pears, which still bear illustrious Huguenot names. Their de- 
scendants are eminently honorable, and have borne a proud part in 
the establishment of our Republic." 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 81 

"Grand Model" for the government of these colo- 
nies ; but it was wholly unsuited to the wants of a 
wild and unsettled country, and was soon laid aside 
for something practicable.* 



GEORGIA. 

1. First Settlement. — In 1733 Georgia — so called 
in honor of George II. — was settled at Savannah 
by a company of immigrants f brought thither by 
General James Oglethorpe (o'-gel-thorpe), an Eng- 
lish officer. At that time persons in debt and un- 
able to pay could be imprisoned if their creditors 
so wished. Oglethorpe, who was a generous man, 
made this settlement a refuge for all such unfortu- 
nate debtors, as well as for the oppressed of all 
nations.! Georgia remained a royal province till 
the Revolution. 

2. Wesley and Whitefield.— In 1736 John Wes- 
LEY,fft the founder of Methodism, visited Georgia 
and established the Methodist Church in America. 

• The "Grand Model " divided the country into provinces of 
nearly half a million acres, " each to be governed by a landgrave, 
with a whole order of nobles under him. No settler was to vote 
unless he owned fifty or more acres of land ; the tillers of the soil 
were to be serfs, and beneath them Avere slaves." 

t The first settlers of Georgia were of a mixed character — 
English, Scotch Highlanders, Germans, Jews, and Moravians. 

t For a long time the colony did not flourish. A war with 
the Spaniards in P^lorida cost them much time and many lives. 

ttt He was an instructor at the University of Oxford — being 
the leader of a set of pious young men, who were derisively called 

6 



82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Two years later he was followed by the eloquent 
divine, George Whitefield {whW -field) ^"^ who es- 
tablished an orphan asylum at Savannah. Ilis 
stirring appeals aroused a deep interest in Chris- 
tianity throughout that region. 



CAUSES AND OBJECTS OF COLONIZATION. 

"We have now briefly told the story of the settle- 
ment and colonization of the thirteen English Col- 
onies. From their first feeble beginnings their 
history is full of interest and instruction. "The 
people who laid the foundations of civilization in 
America were nearly all refugees, exiles, wander- 
ers, pilgrims. They were urged across the ocean 
by a common impulse, and that impulse was the 
desire to escape from some form of oppression in 
the Old World. Sometimes it was the oppression of 
the Church, f sometimes of the State, sometimes 

" Methodists," from their methodical mode of living. In 1735, 
Oglethrope induced Wesley to go to Georgia as a missionary. 
While acting in this capacity with his brother Charles and two 
Oxford friends, he became impressed with the Moravian mission- 
aries, the study of whose doctrines finally led him to establish the 
Methodist Church. 

* Whitefield was an associate of the Wesley.s, and was the 
most remarkable preacher of liis day. He always drew immense 
crowds to hear him preach. 

t Our country was largely peopled in its earlier days by refu- 
gees for religious faith. The Huguenots, the Puritans, the Quak- 
ers, the Presbyterians, the persecuted of every sect and creed, 
flocked to this " home of the free." 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 83 

of society. In the wake of the emigrant ship there 
was always tyranny. Men loved freedom ; to find 
it they braved the perils of the deep', traversed the 
solitar}' forests of Maine, built huts on the bleak 
shores of New England, entered the Hudson, ex- 
plored the Jerseys, found shelter in the Chesapeake, 
met starvation and death on the banks of the 
James, were buffeted by storms around the capes 
of Carolina, built towns by the estuaries of the great 
rivers, made roads through the pine woods, and 
-carried the dwellings of men to the very margin of 
the fever-haunted swamps of the South. It is all 
one story — the story of the human race seeking 
for liberty." 



84 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS * 

GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTIONS I, II, III, IV. 

(PAET II.) 



1. Plymouth 



1. EASTERN, 

COLONIES 

Or 

NEW 

ENGLAND. 



2. MIDDLE 
COLONIES 



1. Massarhnsetts 
(with Maine) 



12. Bay Colony 



(N. Virginia,. 
S. Mrginia, 
Puritans, 
Hardships, 
Indian Treaty^ 

I Intolerance, 
]oiers, 
Philip's War, 
Witchcraft, 
John Eliot. 



fl. New Haven f Pequod IndianSr 
Colony, 
2. Conn. Colony, ■) Union of N. E. 
3. Saybrook j Colonics, 

Colony. [ Charter Oak. 



3. N. Ilampshire 

(with Vermont) 

i. Rhode Island | \-^ 
1. New York 



Providence. 

Newport. 

f Dutch Colony, 
Manhattan Taken, 
Under English Rule, 
Robert Kidd. 



2. New Jersey 

3. Delaware 

4. Pennsylrania 



.5. Maryland 

':"See note to the teacher on page 47. 



f 1. West Jersey, 
i 2. East Jersey. 



f William Penn, 
\ Philadelphia. 

(Lord Baltimore, 
Claybourne's Rebellion, 
Mason and Dixon's Line, 
Religious Troubles. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 



85 



O 



S 



3. SOUTHERN 
COLONIES 



1. Tirginia. 



2. North Carolina 



3. South Carolina 



4. Georgia 



Jamestown, 
Character of Settlers, 
Govenimcnt, 
John Smith, 
Sec-ond Charter, 
Poeahonlas, 
Immigration, 
Starving Time, 
First Assembly, 
Wives for Colonists, 
Slavery Introduced, 
Bacon's Rebellion. 

I Lord Clarendon, 
Albemarle Colony, 
Carteret Colony, 
Laws of Locke. 

f Oglethorpe, 

( Wesley and Whitefleld. 



S; [ Causes and Objects of Colonization. 

[Note to the Teacher.— Reqnire the pupil to prepare a chronological 
table of the dated events given in Part II.— Colonial History— to this point, 
aud have him recite it.] 



sectio:n' y. 



INTER-COLONIAL WABS. 



KING WILLIAM S WAR. 



1689—1697. 

1. The French in America. — At this time the 
French had several settlements in Canada, extend- 
ing along the River St. Lawrence, and including 
Montreal {mon-tre-aicV) and Quebec. They had also 
several forts on Lake Champlain and Lake George. 

2. The Cause of the War.— King William's War 
was a contest between France and England. When 
James II. was forced to abdicate the throne, he 
fled to France. The king of that country lent him 



86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

an army to assist liim in his attempts to regain the 
throne. This led to a war between the two coun- 
tries which extended to their colonies in America. 
The war began in 1689 and closed in 1697 by the 
treaty of Kyswick (riz'-wik). So far as the war 
in America was concerned, no territory exchanged 
hands. Its only effect was to bring suffering and 
distress upon the colonists. 

3. Port Royal Captured. — In 1690 an expedition 
fitted out by Massachusetts and commanded by Sir 
William Phipps captured Port Royal (now Annap- 
olis), Nova Scotia, securing a large amount of booty, 
A second expedition, also commanded by Phipps, 
for the conquest of Canada, proved a failure. These 
were the only important events of the contest in 
America. 

4. Massacre at Schenectady. — The French secured 
the assistance of the Indians, who fall upon de- 
fenseless settlers, slaying them without regard tO' 
age, sex, or condition. 

In 1690 a body of French and Indians attacked 
and burned Schenectady (s/ve-??e/i;'-^(2-(/)/), New York, 
at midnight, in mid-winter. The slumbering in- 
habitants were dragged from their beds, and such 
as escaped the tomahawk, the scalping-knife, and 
the flames were compelled to find their way to Al- 
bany barefoot and almost destitute of clothing, 
through a deep snow. Many of them perished 
from the intense cold of that fearful night. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 87 

Numerous acts of heroism during this war might 
be related, but these details must be sought in 
works for general reading.* 

*The cruelties practiced by the Indians during this war 
almost exceed belief. Towns were attacked at midnight, and in 
mid-winter; the people were often killed in their beds, and those 
whose lives were spared were torn from their homes, and 
obliged to endure sufferings worse than death. One of these 
attacks furnishes a remarkable instance of courage in a feeble 
woman. "In March, 1697, a party of Indians attacked a house 
in Haverhill, Mass. Its owner, Mr. DusTAN, was at work in a 
neighboring field, and before he could get home the Indians had 
dragged his sick wife from her bed and dashed out the brains of 
her new-born infant. Mr. Dustan tried to defend his seven remain- 
ing children, bidding them run to the woods while he kept the In- 
dians off with his gun. The party that had taken Mrs. Dustan 
drove her and her nurse, almost overcome by fatigue and cold, 
several miles beyond Concord, N. H. Here they stopped for a 
time ; but Mrs, Duston, hearing that she was to be taken to a dis- 
tant village, resolved to escape or die. Th^re was a boy in the 
family of her captor, who had been a prisoner for a year. This 
boy, at her request, asked his master the proper mode of striking a 
blow so as to cause instant death. The Indian willingly gave the 
desired information, and aLso showed him how to take off a .scalp. 
These instructions being communicated to Mrs. Dustan, shortly 
before dawn she silently awoke the boy and her nurse, and assigned 
their respective parts. The work was quickly done. Ten of the 
sleeping Indians were killed, one woman escaped, and a child was 
spared. After scalping the savages, that she might prove her story 
on her return, Mrs. Dustan armed herself with gun and tomahawk, 
and started for the Merrimac with her companions. Having pro- 
cured a canoe, they descended the river, and were soon among their 
friends, who had mourned them as dead." 



bo HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 

• 1702—1713. 

1. The Cause of the War. — England, Holland, and 
Germany formed an alliance against France in 
1701 to prevent the union of France and Spain. 
The war which followed is known in Ensflish his- 
tory by the name of " The War of the Spanish 
Succession." In this country it was called Queen 
Anne's War. 

2. New England Involved. — As in King William's 
War, the colonies of England and France were 
again involved — New England suffering the brunt 
of the contest. It began in 1702 and continued 
till 1713 — eleven years. It was then ended by the 
treaty of Utrecht (u'-trekt). The result of the war 
was that Acadia (Nova Scotia and New Bruns- 
wick) was ceded to England. 

3. Sufferings of the Colonists. — The French again 
employed the Indians to fight the English colon- 
ists ; and the savages practiced as usual all their 
diabolical acts of cruelty and rapine. Villages 
were burned, and such of the inhabitants as could 
not escape were butchered without mercy.* The 

» Deerfield, Mass., was attacked by a party of French and In- 
dians, at midnight in mid-winter. The town was set on fire, forty. 
seven of the people were killed, and one hundred men, women and 
children were carried into captivity. Among these were a Mr. 
Williams and his wife and five children. They were forced to 
travel on foot through a deep enow. On the second day of their 
journey, Mrs. Williams, who was in feeble health, was so much ex- 
hausted as to be unable to keep up with the rest. Her husband 
was not allowed to assist her, and being about to faint from weak- 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 89 




ness and fatigue, one of the Indians killed her with his tomahawk. 
Seventeen others of the party were despatched by the savages be- 
fore they arrived at their destination — in Canada. This story 
affords a fair example of the cruelties of this war. 



90 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

colonists were in constant dread of attack and al- 
ways worked in the lields with their guns strapped 
to their backs, ready at any moment to defend 
themselves. Many heroic deeds were performed 
in defense of their homes and families. 

4. Capture of Port Royal (second time). — Accord- 
ing to the treaty of Kyswick (King William's War) 
Port lioyal was restored to the French ; but in 
1710 (Queen Anne's War) it was again taken by the 
English. The name of the place was changed to 
Annapolis, in honor of the English Queen. 



KING GEORGE'S WAR. 
1744—1748. 

1. Events of the War. — This was another war be- 
tween France and England — called in English his- 
tory, "The War of the Austrian Succession" — 
which broke out in 1744 and continued till 1748 
— involving the New England Colonies, as the two 
previous wars had done. 

June 17, 1745, the Colonial troops-^almost un- 
aided by the English forces — captured the strongly 
fortified fort of Louisburg — "The Gibraltar of 
America" — on the island of Cape Breton {brit'-oii) 
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This was the only 
important event of this war. The taking of this 
almost impregnable fortress was an event for col- 
onial boasting, and inspired that confidence which 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 91 

did them good service in the War for Indepen- 
dence. 

2. Peace. — Peace was made in 1748 by the treaty 
of Aix-la-Chapelle {akes-la-sha-peV) by which Eng- 
land gave back Louisburg to France. No decided 
results were produced by the war — the boundaries 
between the possessions of the two belligerent coun- 
tries were left undetermined; hence, the germ of a 
new war. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR* 

1754—1763. 

1. The Colonies Involved. — Again, in 1754, war 
broke out between France and England. As in, 
the three previous wars between these belligerent 
nations, the colonies of necessity took an active 
part and suffered all the brunt of the contest. The 
plastic French had peculiar persuasive power over 
the Indians, who became the alUes of France as in 
other wars. 

2. Cause of the War. — Jealousy and envy on ac- 
count of their respective possessions in America 
were the chief causes of the war. The French had 
established a line of trading forts from the Great 
Lakes to the Gulf, and claimed the region of coun- 
try west of the Alleghanies and along the Ohio, by 
virtue of exploration and settlement. In 1718 they 

•Called alao the " Seven Years' War." 



92 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

had founded 'New Orleans. Marquette and La 
Salle, the two enthusiastic Jesuit missionaries, 
whom we have noticed in the " Explorations of the 
French," had explored the Valley of the Missis- 
sippi and the Lake Region. The English also 
claimed this territory by right of Cabot's discovery 
of the continent. Hence, the strife. 

3. Wasliington's Journey Across the Alleglianies. — 

October 31, 1753, Governor Dinwid'die, of Virginia, 
sent a message by George Washington, then a 
young man of twenty-one, to the French comman- 
der of these forts, asking their removal. 

"Washington was born on the 22d of February, 
1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia.* His 
after greatness was promoted by his mother, who, 
by judicious training, instilled into his mind and 
heart sentiments of patriotism, strict integrity, and 
true nobility, thus eminently fitting him for his 
^reat career. 

With his message and credentials, and accom- 
panied by his guide, Washington performed his 
perilous journey through the wilderness and across 
the mountains. He delivered his message to the 
French commandant, St. Pierre {sang ■pe-are'), but 
soon observed that all negotiations were useless, 

*In 1752 the British Parliament, to correct an error occasioned 
by the imperfect calendar then prevalent, and make the months 
correspond with the seasons, retrenched eleven days in September, 
ordering that the' 3d of that month should pass for the 14th. 
Hence, according to the old style, Washington was born on the 11th 
of February, which corresponds to tlie 22d, new style. Historians, 
in giving the dates of events prior to 1752,]have usually conformed 
them to the new style of chronology. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 9S 

and returned to Grovernor Dinvviddie with an un- 
satisfactory reply from St. Pierre.* 

His return through the wilderness, a distance of 
four hundred miles, was full of danger. At one- 
time he was fired upon by a lurking savage not ten 
paces off, but the Indian, missing his mark, was 
captured. 

4. Battle of the Great Meadows. — The French 
having erected a fort on the present site of Pitts- 
burg which they called Da Quesne {doo-kane'), 
Washington, at the head of a reconnoitering party, 
erected at a place called the Great Meadows a 
stockade, which he named Fort Necessity. A large 
force of French and Indians attacked him here,. 
May, 1754, and after a sharp battle he was com- 
pelled to surrender with the honors of war. 

5. Points to be Grained. — (1) Fort Du Quesne, 
being the key to the West, must be taken, to pro- 
tect the adjacent colonies from Indian attacks. (2) 
Louisburg and Nova Scotiaf controlled the New 

*St. Pierre replied that he had no authority to discuss treaties, 
that he acted under the authority of the Governor-general, Marquis 
Du Quesne. 

tA force of 2,000, commanded by Col. Monckton, found lit- 
tle difficulty in overcoming the French in Acadia (Nova Scotia). 
In June, 1755, the forts on the Bay of Fundy were surprised and 
captured. Other forts in this vicinity in possession of the French> 
were taken, and the English soon held the whole country of Acadia. 
The French force in Acadia being subdued, a question arose, re- 
specting the disposal to be made of the inhabitants. Fearing that 
they might join the French in Canada, whom they had before fur- 
nished with intelligence, quarters, and provisions, it was determined 
to disperse them among the English colonies. This was a cruel 



"94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Foundland fisheries, and had New Enorland ex- 
posed. (3) Crown Point and Ticonderoga (ti-con- 
■day-ro'-gah) commanded the region of Lakes George 
and Charaphiin — thus leaving New York, as well 
as New England, exposed to French expeditions. 
(4) Niagara was a point to gain on account of the 
trade in furs. (5) The strong fortification before 
Quebec controlled the navigation of the St. Law- 
rence. All these points were in possession of the 
French, and it was the object of the English to 
capture them, and the aim of the French to retain 
them. 

6. Braddock's Defeat. — The first expedition of the 
English was against Fort Du Quesne, July 9th, 
1755. The combined forces of the English and 

outrage perpetrated upon the peaceful farmers who dwelt in rustic 
-simplicity about Beau Bassin. The first movement was to demand 
an oath of allegiance to Great Britain, so framed that the French, 
as honest Catholics, could not take it. The next step was to accuse 
them of treason, and to demand the surrender of all their firearms 
and boats. To these outrages the broken-hearted people submitted ; 
but having at first refused to take the oath, they were told that they 
must take the consequences. So the work of banishment began. 
The country about the isthmus was covered with peaceful hamlets. 
These were now laid waste, and the people driven into the largei 
towns on the coast. Others were treacherously kidnapped, hurried 
on shipboard, and transported, some to every British colony in 
America. *' Wives separated from their husbands in the confusion 
of embarking, and children from their parents, were carried of! to 
distant colonies, never again to see each other." Their property 
was confiscated, and what could not be appropriated was given to 
the flames. More than 3,000 Acadians were carried away and 
scattered, helpless, half starved, and dying, among the English 
colonies. " The history of civilized nations furnishes no parallel to 
this wanton and wicked destruction of an inofTensive colony." 
Longfellow's Evangeline is founded on this incident. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 95 

Americans were commanded by a pompous British 
officer, General Edward Braddock — Washington 
acting as aid-de-camp {aid-da-koiig'). 

" The General was a regular British officer, proud 
and conceited. Washington warned him of the 
■dangers of savage warfare, but his suggestions 
were received with contempt. The column came 
within ten miles of the fort, marching along the 
Monongahela {riio-non-ga-hay' -laK) in regular array, 
drums beating and colors flying. Suddenly, in as- 
cending a little slope, with a deep ravine and thick 
underbrush on either side, they encountered the 
Indians lying in ambush. The terrible war-whoop 
resounded on every side. The British regulars 
huddled together, and, frightened, fired by pla- 
toons at random against rocks and trees. The 
Virginia troops alone sprang into the forest and 
fought the savages in Indian style. Washington 
seemed everywhere present. An Indian chief with 
his braves especially singled him out. Four balls 
passed through his clothes. Two horses were shot 
under him. Braddock was mortally wounded and 
borne from the field. At last, when the conti- 
nental troops were nearly all killed, the regulars 
turned and fled disgracefully, abandoning every- 
thing to the foe. Washington covered their flight 
and saved the wreck of the army from pursuit. * 

* In 1758 the French were obliged to evacuate Fort Du 
■Quesne. The place was now called Pittsburg, in honor of Sm WiL- 
XIAM Pitt (Lord Chatham), who was at this time (1758) placed at 
the head of the administration. He breathed a new soul into the 
British councils, and revived the energies of the colonies, weak- 
ened and exhausted by a series of ill-contrived and unfortunate 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 97 

7. Battle of Lake Greorge. — September 8, 1755, 
the French under Dieskau (de-is'-ko) were defeated 
by the provincial troops under General Lyman, at 
the battle of Lake George. The object of the bat- 
tle — the capture of Crown Point — was not attained. 
This victory, however, somewhat counteracted the 
depression caused by Braddock's disaster on the 
Monongahela. 

la this battle the brave Dieskau was severely 
wounded. A renegade French soldier, fighting 
with the English, found him leaning against a 
stump. Dieskau felt for his watch to reconcile his 
enemy, but the soldier thinking he was reaching 
for his pistol shot him dead. 

8. Louisburg Captured. — In 1758 Generals Am- 
herst and Wolfe captured Louisburg after a severe 
bombardment, and took possession of the entire 
island. 

9. Siege of Fort William Henry. — Montcalm, with 
a force of 8,000 men, laid siege to Fort William 
Henry, on the southern shore of Lake George. 
The fort was garrisoned be only 500 men under 
Colonel Monro. * After a brave resistance, Monro 

expeditions. He caused the tide of success to turn in favor of the 
British, who continued, with some few exceptions, to achieve one 
victory after another, until the whole of Canada surrendered to the 
arms of England. 

•There were, however, 1,700 additional troops within support- 
ing distance in the adjacent trenches. General Webb was at Fort 
Edward, but fourteen miles distant, with an army of more than 
four thousand British regulars. Instead of advancing to the relief 



y» HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

was obliged to surrender, August 9, 1757. It wag 
stipulated that the garrison should march out with 
the honors of war, and be secured from attack un- 
til they reached Fort Edward, fourteen miles dis- 
tant; but Montcalm's Indian allies, thirsting for 
blood, fell upon the defenseless troops, and butch- 
"Cred more than twenty of them. 

10. Capture of Crown Point and Ticondero^'^a. — 

Four months before the evacuation of Fort Du 
Quesne (July 8, 1758), a thousand boats full of 
soldiers in glittering uniforms, with waving flags 
and martial music, in command of General Aber- 
crom'bie, sailed down the clear waters of Lake 
George to attack Ticonderoga. Before his artillery 
came up, the inefficient Abercrombie ordered an 
assault, and lay hid away in the rear while the 
battle raged in front. The result was the total rout 
of Abercrombie's array. 

One year after the disgraceful defeat of Aber- 
crombie, a large army of English under General 
Amherst compelled the French to evacuate both 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 

11. Niagara Captured. — The French at Niagara 
were forced to surrender to the English, July 25, 
1759, after a siege desperately combatted.* 

of Fort William Henry, Webb held a council of war to determine 
if it were not better to retire to Albany, and sent a message to Col- 
onel Monro advising capitulation. The PVench pressed the seige 
for six days, when the ammunition of the garrison gave out, and 
they had to surrender. 

*Four days previous to this battle. Gen. Prideaux (p-e^-do), 
commander of the expedition against Niagara, was killed by the 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 99 

12. Quebec Taken. — The next and last important 
■event of this memorable war was the capture of 
Quebec by the English under the gallant General 
Wolfe, September 18, 1759. Quebec was a strongly 
fortified place in Canada, on the St. Lawrence, in 
command of the able French general Montcalm. 
The only way the English could gain access to ir 
was to ascend from the river a high and almost per- 
pendicular rock. By great skill and exertion Gen. 
Wolfe got his army upon the " Plaias of Abraham/' 
and at daylight confronted the astonished French. 
Montcalm, though surprised, was prepared, and a 
desperate battle ensued. Both Wolfe and Mont- 
calm were slain. These brave generals died like 
heroes; Wolfe rejoicing in his dying breath that 
victory was his, and Montcalm thankful that he 
should not survive to see the surrender of Quebec* 

13. Peace — Treaty of Paris. — The war closed by 
the treaty of Paris (1763). The French gave up 
all the territory east of the Mississippi, except two 
•small islands south of Newfoundland. Spain ceded 

accidental bursting of a shell. The coiniuaud devolved on Sir 
William Johnson, who successfully carried out the plans of his 
unfortunate predecessor. 

*General James Wolfe entered the British army at the age of 
fifteen. He distinguished himself at the siege of Louisburg, and 
was selected to command the expedition against Quebec in the ca- 
pacity of major general. He had a kind and genial disposition, 
joined to great enthusiasm and an unconquerable spirit of daring 
Louis Josejih Montcalm was a French marquis, entering the army 
at the age of fourteen, and gained distinction in several European 
wars. In 1756 he was placed in command of the French troops in 
-Canada, and was very successful. 



100 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Florida to England in exchange for Cuba.* The 
British possessions in America now extended from 
the Gulf of Mexico to the Polar Sea, and from the 
Mississippi to the Atlantic. 

14. Poiitiac's War. — After the close of the French 
and Indian War, and after the English had taken 
possession of the western forts formerly occupied 
by the French and Indians, the chief of the Otta- 
was, PoNTiAC, formed a confederation of the tribes 
against the forts thus taken. Had it not been for 
the timely warning given by a friendly Indian girl, 
all the British forts would have been captured. 
Eight of them were, however, surprised and taken. f 
Many families fled from their homes to avoid In- 
dian vengeance. Finally, the Indians disagreeing^ 
among themselves, Pontiac fled, and was stabbed 
by an Indian. This ended the war. 

15. Results of the French and Indian War. — 

This war brought a heavy debt upon the English 
government; but the colonists suffered most. They 
had expended $16,000,000, only $5,000,000 of which 
was repaid by England. Thirty thousand of their 
men had been lost, and they had suffered all the 
horrors of Indian cruelty. 

But they had also gained much. They had 

•Spanish Florida then comprised the present State of Florida 
and the southern portions of Alabama and Mississippi. 

tPontiac captured Fort Mackinaw by a stratagem. He pre- 
tended to be playing ball with his warriors outside the fort, and 
threw the ball over the enclosure. The Indians climbed over after 
it, and surprising the unprepared garrison, took the fort with great- 
slaughter. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 101 

learned to fight, and to think and act independ- 
ently of the mother country. A love for liberty began 
to dawn. They were more united, and the haughty 
treatment by the British served to strengthen 
the bond. Many able and daring men were trained 
to tight who afterward humiliated the proud regu- 
lars of George III. 



SECTION VI. 

PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES AND THEIR CONDI- 
TION PREVIOUS TO THE REVOLUTION. 

1. Immigration. — After the close of the French 
and Indian War immigrants arrived in great num- 
bers. Many from the old colonies went west over 
the AUeghanies and south to Florida. All the 
<^olonies increased rapidly, and at this time the 
population amounted to about 2,000,000. Boston 
And Philadelphia were the largest cities. 

2. Religion. — Though nearly all the colonists 
professed Christianity, yet their religious belief 
■differed greatly. In J^ew England, the people were 
mostly Calvinistic in doctrine and Congregational 
in practice. In New York, the Dutch Reformed 
were prevalent. In Pennsylvania, Delawar'e, and 
New Jersey, the Quakers predominated. Mary- 
land, though founded by Catholics, soon had, like 
the other colonies, a majority of Protestants. In 
Virginia and South Carolina, the Church of Eng- 
land — the Episcopal — prevailed. The Huguenots 



102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

— French Protestants — were found in large num- 
bers in New York and the Carolinas. Methodism 
was founded in Georgia. Roger Williams estab- 
lished at Providence, lihode Island, the first Bap- 
tist Church in America. 

3. Mode of Life. — This was very simple. " The 
people wore home-spun clothes, and made their 
yarn from the wool of their own sheep. All per- 
sons were required by law to dress within their 
means. The roads were poor, and wheeled vehi- 
cles were scarce. The food was simple but abund- 
ant. The houses were mostly log cabins, with, 
small windows, and chimneys made of sticks and 
clay plaster. The furniture was generally very 
simple and plain." 

4. Trade and Coiiinierce. — Although the trade of 
the colonies began to feel the restrictions imposed 
upon it by England, yet it steadily increased dur- 
ing this period. The colonies exported to England 
lumber of all sorts, hemp, flax, pitch, tar, oil, rosin^ 
copper ore, pig and bar iron, whale flns, tobacco,, 
rice, lish, etc. 

5. Agriculture and Manufacture. — Agriculture was 
the leading pursuit and chief dependence of the 
jteople. Farming utensils, household furniture, 
liats, shoes, paper, and many other articles were 
manufactured. 

6. The First Newspaper. — The tirst newspaper 
published in America was the '•^Boston Weekly News- 
Letter,^' started in 1704. It was in size not quite- 
so large as a sheet of foolscap. This was the first 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 103 

firmly established newspaper, but fourteen years 
before this date one number of a newspaper had 
been published in Boston, which was instantly sup- 
pressed by the authorities, as being too liberal.* 

7. Colleges. — Education. — Nine colleges had been 
established — namely : Harvard, William and Mary,. 
Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Kutger's, Dart- 
mouth, and Hampden Sidney. These were alt 
founded by the colonists. Harvard and Yale are 
yet among the best in the country ; the former was 
founded in 1638, by John Harvare; the latter in 
1701, by Elihu Yale. 

Common, or free schools had already been estab- 
lished in New England ; the Middle and Southern 
Colonies had their private schools. The Southern 
Colonies treated the subject of education differently 
from the Northern. In the North, one of the first 
objects of legislation was to provide for the educa- 
tion of all classes; in the South, the education of 
the higher classes only was an object of public at- 
tention. 

8. Nature of Colonial Government. — The Colonies 
were at difi^'erent times under different forms of 
government. These various kinds were: 

(1.) Commercial Coiyoration, as the London 
Company. 

(2.) Proprietary Goveriunent, as that of Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware, and Maryland. 

* The first ■prmiing in America was done by one Day, in 1639. 
The proprietor of the press was a clergyman named Glover, who 
died on his passage to America. Tlie first thing printed was the 
"Freeman's Oath," the second an almanac, and the third an edition 
of the Psalms. 



104 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

(3.) Royal Government, as when the king of 
England appointed a governor to rule. New 
Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were 
provisional or royal governments. 

(4.) Charter Government, as when the king gave 
the colonists a Charter, or written document grant- 
ing certain privileges and political rights. The 
Plymouth Colony was founded independent of 
kingly authority, a company, or a proprietor. Mas- 
sachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut were 
chartered Colonies. All the Colonies became Royal 
Provinces before the Revolution. 



RECAPITULATION OF COLONIAL WARS. 

The several wars in which the Colonies were in- 
volved previous to the Revolution were: 
First Indian War, in Virginia .... 1622 
Second Indian War, in Virginia . . . 1644 
Pequod Indian War, in New England 1637 

Dutch War, in New York 1664 

Philip's War, in New England .... 1675-76 
King William's War — all the Colonies 

Involved 1689-97 

Queen Anne's War — all the Colonies 

involved 1702-13 

King George's War — all the Colonies 

involved ' 1744-48 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 105 

French and Indian War — all the Colo- 
nies involved 1754-63 

Pontiac's War — all the Colonies in- 
volved 1761-63 



RECAPITULATION. 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN PART II. 

(PEKIOD OF SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL, HISTORY.) 

1607. Jamestown, first permanent English Colony, 
founded. 

1609. Second Charter granted Virginia, June 2d. 

1610. " Starving Time " in Virginia. 

1612. Third Charter granted Virginia, March 22d. 

1613. Marriage of Rolfe and Pocahontas, April. 

1613. New York settled hy the Dutch. 

1614. Captain Smith explored coast of New Eng- 

land. 
1619. First Colonial Assembly convened at James- 
town, June 28th. 

1619. Ninet}' young women came to America to be 

wives of the colonists. 

1620. Negro slavery introduced into Virginia. 
1620. Plymouth Colony founded by the Puritans, 

December 21st. 

1622. First Indian massacre in Virginia, March. 

1623. New Hampshire settled at Dover, by John 

Mason. 

1624. Virginia made a Royal Province. 

1624. New Jersey settled at Bergen by the Dutch. 



106 HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. 

1629. Massachusetts Bay Colony founded, March 4. 

1630. Boston founded by Governor Winthrop, Sep- 

tember 17th. 

1631. John Eliot, the "Indian Apostle" came to 

Massachusetts. 

1633. Connecticut settled at Windsor. 

1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's, by Lord Bal- 

timore. 
1635-36. Connecticut settled at Saybrook and Hart- 
ford. 

1635. Clayborne's rebellion in Maryland and Vir- 

ginia. 

1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence. by Roger 

Williams. 

1637. The Pequod Indians destroyed. 

1638. New Haven founded, April 18th. 

1638. Delaware settled at Wilmington, by Swedes, 
April. 

1638. Harvard College founded at Cambridge, Mass. 

1639. Newport, Rhode Island, founded. 
1639. First Printing done in America. 

1641. New Hampshire united to Massachusetts. 

1643. New England Colonies formed a Union, 

May 29th. 

1644. Second Indian Massacre in Virginia, April. 
1644. Charter granted to Rhode Island. 

1655. New Sweden conquered by the Dutch. 
1655. Protestants gained the power in Maryland. 

1662. A Liberal Charter granted to Connecticut. 

1663. The Carolinas first settled at Albemarle. 

1664. Manhattan, or New Netherland taken by the 

English. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 107 

1664. New Jersey settled by the English, at Eliza- 

bethtown. 
1670. South Carolina settled at Charleston. 

1675. King Philip's War raged in Xew England. 

1676. Bacon's Rebellion against Berkeley's op- 

pression. 

1682. Penn settled Penns3dvania, at Philadelphia. 

1687. Edmund Andros attempted to take the Con- 
necticut Charter. 

.1689. King William's War began. 

1689. Andros's power broken and he recalled. 

1690. Indian Massacre at Schenectady. 

1690. Port Royal captured by Sir William Phipps. 
1692. Witchcraft prevailed in Massachusetts. 
1697. King William's War ended by treaty of Rys- 
wick. 

1699. Robert Kidd, the pirate, flourished. 

1701. Yale College founded by Elihu Yale. 

1702. Queen Anne's War began. 

1704. " Boston Weekly News Letter," lirst paper 

in America, published. 
1710. Port Royal captured (second time) by English. 
1713. Queen Anne's War ended by treaty of 

Utrecht. 
1718. New Orleans founded by the French. 
1729. The Carolinas separated. 

1732. George Washington born in Virginia, Feb- 

ruary 22. 

1733. Georgia settled by Oglethorpe at Savannah. 
1736. John Wesley founded the Methodist Church 

in America. 
1738. George Whitefield founded an Orphan Asy- 
lum at Savannah. 



108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES- 

1744. King George's War began. 

1745. Louisburg captured b}' Colonial troops, June 

17. 
1748. King George's War ended by treaty of Aix 
la Chapelle. 

1753. Washington crossed the Alleghauies. 

1754. French and Indian W^ar began. 

1754. Battle of Great Meadows — Fort Necessity 

surrendered. 

1755. Braddock's Army defeated on the Mononga- 

hela, July 9. 
1755. French defeated by English at Lake George, 
September 8. 

1757. Fort William Henry taken by the French, 

August 9. 

1758. British under Abercrombie routed at Ticon- 

deroga, July 8. 
1758. Louisburg captured by Amherst and Wolfe, 
July 26. 

1758. Fort Du Quesne captured by English, I^o- 

vember 25. 

1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point evacuated by 

the French. 
1759. Niagara taken by the English, July 25. 
1759. Quebec captured by Wolfe, September 18. 

1762. "Mason and Dixon's Line" drawn between 

Maryland and Pennsylvania. 

1763. French and Indian War ended by treaty of 

Paris. 
1763. Florida ceded to England in exchange for 

Cuba. 
1761-63. Pontiac's War raged. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 



109 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS* 

GENERAL REVIEW OF COLONIAL WARS. 



V. 



COLONIAL 



WARS. 



1. Indian Wars. 



VIRGINIA 



/ First ^Massacre, 
(. Second Massacre. 



2. Inter- 



colonial 



Wars. 



NEWEXGLAND{a;:^^Var, 

GENERAL, (Pontiac's War. 
DUTCH WAR, (New York. 

KING WILLIAM'S WAR {^'Seetady. 

fCati.se, 
QUEEN ANNE'S WAR J. Sufferings, 

(Port Royal Taken. 

f Louisburg Taken, 
KING GEORGE'S WAR ■{ Cause of War, 
(.Results. 



FRENCH 



AND 



INDIAN 



WAR. 



Cause, 

Port Royal Taken, 
Wa.shingtou's Journey, 
Great Meadow, 
Braddock's Defeat, 
Louisburg again Taken, 
Battle of Lake George, 
Fort William Henry Taken, 
Crown Point and Ticouderoga, 
Niagara Taken, 
Quebec Taken, 
Treaty of Paris. 
Results of the War. 



*See " Note to the Teacher " on page 85. 



GENERAL Q UESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

1. Name, in Chronological order, the events from the settlement 

of Jamestown to the union of the New England Colonies. 
{See foregoing Table). Also, name the events from this union 
to the close of the French and Indian War. 

2. Prepare and recite a list of the Battles and Sieges of the French 

and Indian War. 

3. When, and by whom was the ^lis.sissippi Valley claimed for 

France ? — Why was it named Louisiana f 



110 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. What territory did the English gain by Queen Anne's War? 

Did any territory exchange hands by King William's War? 
— Or by King George's War ? 

5. What were the boundaries of the British possessions in Amer- 

ica before the conquest of New France? Ans. — The St. 
Lawrence river and Acadia on the north ; the Atlantic on 
the east ; French Florida (embracing the States of South 
Carolina and Georgia) on the south; and the Alleghany 
Mountains on the west. 

6. What were the boundaries ot the British possessions at thp 

close of the French and Indian War — treaty of 1763? {See 
topic 13, French and Indian War.) 

7. Whatcomprised Spanish Florida? (.See Note to topic 13, French 

and Indian War.) 

8. When were the Alleghany Mountains the western boundary of 

the English Colonies? 

9. When was the Mississippi river the western boundary of the 

United States? 

10. What do the French names in the Mississippi Valley indicate? 

11. What do the names Neiv York, New England, New Hampshire, 

Georgia, Carolina, etc., indicate? 

12. What do tile names San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Vera Cruz, etc., 

indicate? 

13. What colony was founded as a home for the poor? 

14. What colony took the Bible as its guide ? 

15. What object did Penn, Baltimore, and Oglethorpe each have 

in founding a colony in the New World? 

16. Wliat war did the treaty of Eyswick close? — The treaty of 

Utrecht? — The treaty of Aix laChapelle? — The treaty of 
Paris (1763)? 

17. What was the origin of the name Neiv York? 

18. What was the character of William Penn ? 

19. Where is " Mason and Dixon's Line"? 

20. Which colony was the most rapidly settled, and why? 

21. AVhat was the character of the Huguenots ? Of what classes 

were the settlers of (Jeorgia ? 

22. What religious sects found refuge in America? 

23. What were the causes and objects of colonization in America? 

24. What is the oldest college in the United States? Where and 

when founded? 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. Ill 

25. What was the name of the first newspaper published in Amer- 

ica? 

26. What woman killed ten Indians with a tomahawk? 

27. Explain ''Old Style" and "New Style" of Chronology. 

28. Describe the exile of the Acadians. 

29. Name the several religious beliefs of the English Colonies. 

Describe their mode of life. 

30. When and by whom was the first printing done in America ? 

What was the first thing printed ? 

31. By what two nations was Manhattan severally governed? 

32. What was the "Grand Model''? 

33. What Indian massacre occurred during King William's War? 

34. How many times was Port Royal captured ? 

35. Name all the various forms of colonial government. 

36. Name all the colonial wars. 



112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

PART III. 
THE BEVOLUTIOyABY PERIOD. 

FROM BEGINNING OF THE WAR TO ADOPTION OF CONSTITUTION. 

1775—1787. 
SECTION I. 

THE DA WNINO. 

1. Causes of the Revolution. — As we have seen, 
the Colonies wore settled principally by people 
from Great Britain. They were all included within 
the English patent, and claimed by the English 
Crown. They were styled " British Colonies in 
North America,'' and remained in subjection to the 
English government till 1775. 

From the first settlement of this country the 
British authonties treated the inhabitants of these 
Colonies as a distinct and subordinate class of sub- 
jects, and considered their interests entirely subser- 
vient to the elevation and prosperity of the " mother 
country,"* and after the French and Indian "War 
they began to exercise an undue authority and to 
interfere in their civil concerns in a manner that 
excited the most serious alarm. 

*Thomas Paine's Common Sense, "addressed to the inhabitants 
of America," published in the year 1776, which did much to bring 
about the declaration of independence, speaks thus of tlie " mother 
country:" "But Britain is tlie parent country, say some. Then 
the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour 
their young, nor savages make war upon their families; wherefore 



REVOLUIIOXARY PERIOD. 113 

The English government claimed the right of 
taxing the Colonies, — in order, partly, to pay the 
enormous debt contracted during the French and 
Indian War, — although they allowed them no part 
in their legislative councils. The Colonies denied 
this right, and contended that "taxation and repre- 
sentation were inseparable," and that they could 
not be safe if their property could be taken from 
them without their consent. After various oppres- 
sive acts on the part of England, the Colonists re- 
solved to support their rights by force of arms. 

2. Oppressive Acts. — The "Stamp Act," passed 
in ITGo,"^- requiring a heavy duty to be paid upon 
all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, etc.; 

the assertion, if true, turns to her reproach ; but it happens not to 
he true, or only partly so, and the phrase ixirent or mother country 
hath been jesuitically adopted by the king and his parasites, with 
a low, papistical design of gaining an unfair bias on the credulous 
weakness of our minds. Europe, and not England, is the parent 
country of America. The new world hath lx;en the asylum for the 
persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of 
Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of 
the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster ; and it is so far 
true of England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emi- 
grants froui home, pursues their descendants still." 

* At the time thi.s act was passed, Bexjamin Fbaxklix, who 
was then in London, wrote to Charles Thompson, afterward sec- 
retary of the Continental Congress, "27<e sun of liberty is set; the 
Americans must light the lamps of iivlmtry and economy." To which 
Mr. Thompson replied, " Be assured we shall light tcrrches quite of 
another sort." Frightened by the hostile demonstrations of the Col- 
onists, the English government, the next year, rej^ealed the "Stamp 
Act," but still declared its right to tax the Colonies. Soon new 
taxes were imposed on tea, glass, paper, etc. 

8 



114 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the " Boston Port Bill,'' passed in 1774, effect- 
ually destroying the business of New England 
merchants; and the "Mutiny Act," passed the 
same year, requiring the colonists to provide quar- 
ters and supplies for British troops stationed among 
them ; — were some of the obnoxious acts passed by 
the British Parliament. * 

3. The Boston Massacre. — The British regarded 
Boston as the nursery of the rebellion against the 
mother country. To keep the people in subjection, 
General Gage with two regiments was sent there. 
They took possession of the State House, making 
it their quarters. Cannons were planted and tents 
pitched on Boston Common, and the soldiers con- 
ducted themselves with insolence toward the peo- 
ple. Frequent quarrels occurred between the citi- 
zens and these troops. On March 5,1770, a crowd 
of men and boys insulted the city guard. The 
troops resented by firing upon the crowd, killing 
three and wounding two. Great excitement ensued. 
The whole town and surrounding country were 
aroused. To avoid the rage of the people, the 
soldiers were forced to take refuge in Castle "Wil- 
liam. f 

* These oppressive measures were preceded by the " Naviga- 
tion Act," passed by Parliament in 1661, securing to English ship- 
ping the monopoly of the carrying trade of England; also by the 
issuing of " Writs of Assistance," in 1761, which were general 
search-warrants empowering custom-house officers to break open 
ships, stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise on 
which it was suspected no duty had been paid. 

t During the summer of 1772, another event occurred which 
showed the temper of the times, and presented a fresh obstacle to a 
reconciliation between America and the mother country, A royal 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 115 

4. The Tax on Tea Resisted.—" Learning of the 
Tebellious feeling aroused in the Colonies by their 
course of taxation, the British Parliament, in May, 
1773, passed a bill repealing the tax on all articles 
except tea. The government no longer hoped to 
raise revenue ; it was contending only for the right 
to tax the Colonies. To establish this right, the 
duty on tea was made only three pence ; the col- 
onists were really to get their tea cheaper than the 
English people. But the Americans saw through 
the plan and scorned the concession ; they would 
pay no taxes to the English Government." 

5. The Boston Tea Party. — " It was agreed among 
the colonial merchants to import no tea; the Eng- 
lish merchants, however, resolved to send it at their 
own risks.* The first of the tea-ships arrived in 

schooner, the Gaspee, cruising near the coast of Rhode Island, kept 
annoying the inhabitants by taking their property, firing at mar- 
ket-boats, and illegally seizing the cargoes of such vessels as it 
overhauled. While thus^ in pursuit of a packet, the Gaspee ran 
aground. Taking advantage of the opportunity, a party from 
Providence boarded the stranded vessel, and set fire to it, after 
putting the crew ashore. When the knowledge of this proceeding 
came to the royal governor, he issued a proclamation offering five 
hundred pounds for the discovery of the offenders, and the royal 
pardon to those who would confess their guilt; but every effort to 
bring the perpetrators to punishment failed. 

*Associations were formed in all the Colonies under the title 
of Sons of Liberty, whose object was, by every practicable means, to 
oppose the unjust and arbitrary course of the British government. 
Societies also were formed, the members of which resolved to 
forego all the luxuries of life rather than be indebted to the com- 
merce of England. 



116 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Boston, November 25, 1773, and a committee of the 
people notified the captain that they would not 
permit it to be Landed. The captain would gladly 
have returned to England, but the Governor would 
not allow him to leave. The patience of the peo- 
ple was worn out, and they proceeded to settle the 
business in their own way. On the night of De- 
cember 16th forty citizens disguised as Indians 
went to the vessel, took out the tea chests, 342 in 
number, and emptied the contents into Boston har- 
bor. At other places the people would not permit 
the tea to be landed." 

Great was the indignation of the English sover- 
eign when news of these proceedings reached him.. 
To punish the Colonies the "Boston Port Bill" 
was passed, and General Gage was appointed Gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts. This but aroused the peo- 
ple to greater resistance. 

6. Friends iu England. — A few wise and liberal 
members of the British Parliament opposed, from 
the first, these oppressive measures toward America. 
Among these noble men were Sir William Pitt 
(Lord Chatham) and Colonel Barre. " Yon have 
no right to tax America. I rejoice that she has re- 
sisted," said Pitt. Barre denied, in a sarcastic 
speech, the assertion that the Colonies were nour- 
ished by English care. Their wise counsels, how- 
ever, availed nothing, but proud Britain, ere long, 
bitterly rued the day in which she disregarded the 
advice and warnings of these great men. 

7. Patrick Henry. This undaunted patriot, the 
gifted orator of the llevolution, by his fearless and 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 



117 



•fiery denunciations of British tyranny, inspired his 
countrymen with a zealous love for liberty.* 

*During the debate in the Virginia Assembly on the passage of 
resolutions protesting against the Stamp Aot, Patrick Henry boldly 
asserted that the king of England had acted the part of a tyrant; 
sind alluding to the fate of other tyrants, he exclaimed : " Caesar 




Patkick iIP:NRY. 

liad his Brutus, Charles I. his Cromwell, and George III." — here 
pausing a moment till the cry of "Treason! Treason!" resound- 
ing from several parts of the house had ended — he added, "may 
profit by their example; if this be treason, make the most of it ! " 
Patrick Henry was a man of high moral courage, and the cham- 
pion of the wronged and the oppressed. His speech before the Vir- 
ginia Assembly gained him the reputation of being "the greatest 
orator and political thinker of a land abounding with public 



118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

8. First Continental Congress. * — This was held at 
Philadelphia September 5, 1774. It consisted of 
talented and influential men from all the Colonies 
except Georgia. It issued a protest against stand- 
ing armies being kept in the Colonies without tlio- 
consent of the people, and agreed to hold no inter- 
course with Great Britain. 

9. Ripe for Liberty. — The bitter feeling toward 
their oppressors had now kindled a desire for free- 
dom. Companies of " Minute Men," ready at a 
moment's notice to resent open violence, were 
formed in all the Colonies. General Gage, com- 
mander of the British troops stationed at Boston,, 
became alarmed, and seized ammunition wherever 

speakers and statesmen." He thenceforth became prominent in 
the political conventions and congresses of the Colonies. In 177& 
he was elected the first republican Governor of Virginia. At the 
close of the war he was again chosen Governor, He afterwards, 
tilled other high positions. 

* This Congress displayed such wisdom, sagacity, and foresight,, 
as to excite the admiration of the ablest statesmen of England. Sir. 
William Pitt ( Lord Chatham), in one of his brilliant speeches, re- 
marked of them : " History, my lords, has been my favorite study^ 
and in the celebrated writings of antiquity, have I often admired 
the patriotism of Greece and Rome ; but, my lords, I must declare 
and avow, that in the master states of the world, I know not the 
people, or senate, who, in such a complication of difficult circum- 
stances, can stand in preference to the delegates of America as- 
sembled in general congress at Philadelphia." Peyton Kandolph: 
was president, and Charles Thompson was secretary, of the First 
Continental Congress. The names of some of the honored mem- 
bers composing this congress are : Samuel Adams, John Adams,. 
KoGER Sherman, Silas Deanf:, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, 
Richard Henry Lee, George Washington, Patrick Henry, 
Edward Rutledge. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 119 

he could find it. Only a spark was now needed to 
kindle a flame which the boasted power of England 
could not extinguish. 



EVENTS OF 1775. 

1. Battle of Lexington. — On April 19, General 
Gage wishing to destroy some military stores of 
the Americans at Concord, Massachusetts, 18 miles 
north-west of Boston,' sent a body of troops thither, 
under Major Pitcairn, for that purpose. At Lex- 
ington they met some " Minute Men " who opposed 
their progress. Pitcairn shouted : " Throw down 
your arms, you rebels, and disperse ! " which they 
did not do; whereupon, the British troops fired 
upon them, killing several in the skirmish that en- 
sued. 

Reaching Concord, they destroyed nearly all the 
stores ; but on the way back they encountered the 
Americans, who now thoroughly aroused, gathered 
from all parts of the surrounding country; and, 
attacking them from behind trees, fences, hedges, 
barns, etc., so harassed them that had not other 
British troops arrived, they would all have been 
picked ofi:". As it was, they lost nearly 300 men in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners. The " red coats," 
as the British soldiers were styled, were exceed- 
ingly glad to get back to their quarters at Boston. 

2. Effect of the Battle of Lexington. — The news of 
this first battle of the Revolution spread rapidly 
over the country. The royal Governors were forced 




#i^" r^^^M^-^ I NORTHERN COLONIhS 

J^"^ Q \ yV-'.-J: ' t ^ '■At, 1? ^v 



Scale of Miles 



(120) 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 121 

to give up their authority and leave the Colonies. 
This skirmish gave the Americans a rather con- 
temptible opinion of British valor, and intensified 
the animosity toward King George's troops. They 
now went to work in earnest. The long expected 
conflict which they had endeavored in vain to avoid 
was now upon them, and they determined to fight 
for life, home, and freedom. 

3. Capture of Ticondero^i^a. — May 10th Colonels 
Ethan Allen* and Benedict Arnold, with a battal- 
ion of " Green Mountain Boys" — as the soldiers 
from Yermontf were called — captured Ticonderoga, 
a British fort on Lake Champlain. Allen and his 
*'Boys" surprised the sentinels before daylight, and 
eff'ecting an entrance, demanded the surrender of 
the fort " in the name of the Great Jehovah and 
the Continental Congress." 

*Ethan Allen was a brave and patriotic man, and his subse- 
quent career is worthy of mention. In the autumn of 1775 he 
attempted the capture of Montreal, Canada, but, after a desperate 
struggle, was made prisoner. He was sent to England, and during 
the voyage was confined, with thirty-four others, in a room but 
twenty feet square. His sufferings were horrible; but, though on 
the return voyage, a conspiracy was formed for killing the captain 
and taking possession of the vessel, he entertained no feelings of re- 
venge, and refused to take part in it, though on his way to a prison 
ship, with a full knowledge of the sufTerings in store for him. He 
was finally exchanged, and became commander of the Vermont 
militia. 

tThis State — deriving its name from two French words, verd, 
green, and wion^, mountain — "Green Mountain State" — was settled 
at Brattleboro in 1724, by people from Connecticut and Massachu- 
setts. At this time the territory was a i)art of New Hampshire, 
and was not, therefore, one of the original States. 



122 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Two days after, Crown Point was also taken. 
Thus, without the loss of a man, the daring pro- 
vincials had captured two of the British strong- 
holds. 

4. Second Continental Congress. — This met at 
Philadelphia May 10th. It voted to raise 20,000 
men, and prepared a petition to the king of Eng- 
land (George III.), which he refused to receive, 
thus iestroying all hope of reconciliation.* 

5. Washington, Commander-in-Chief. — The Ameri- 
cans at this time, though fired with a desire for 
liberty, and brave to fight for it, were untrained and 
undisciplined. The Second Continental Congress, 
on the 15th of June, unanimously elected George 
"Washington commander-in-chief of the American 
army.f This high honor was unexpected by him, 
but he was endowed by nature for the position ; 
and the sequel shows that the confidence of his 
countrymen was not misplaced. | 

*This Congress established the first line of post-office communi- 
cation through the United States. Benjamin Franklin was 
appointed Postmaster General, with power to appoint as many 
deputies as he luight deem proper and necessary, for the convey- 
ance of the mail from Maine to Georgia. 

tThe following were appointed major generals at the same- 
time: Artemus Ward, of Massachusetts; Colonel Lee, formerly 
a British officer; Philip Schuyler, of New York; Israel Put- 
nam, of Connecticut ; and Horatio Gates was appointed adjutant 
general. 

t Washington, in consenting to enter upon the momentous du- 
ties assigned him, said: "But lest some unlucky event should 
happen unfavorable to my reputation, I beg it may be remembered,, 
by every gentleman in the room, that I this day declare, with the 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 123 

Washington went immediately to work organiz- 
ing and drilling his men for systematic and efiective 
service. The army now consisted of 14,500 men 
possessing very little knowledge of military tactics. 

6. Battle of Bunker Hill. — The British continued 
to send troops to America, and by May, they had 
about 10,000 soldiers to subdue the " rebels," as- 
they now called the Americans. 

The Americans suspecting that the British in- 
tended to fortify Bunker Hill, near Charlestown, 
Mass., endeavored to anticipate the movement by 
throwing up breastworks thereon themselves ; but 
in the darkness, mistook the location, and fortified 
Breed's Hill instead. Colonel Prescott commanded 
the patriots in this work. * On the morning of 

utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal to the command I 
am honored with. As to pay, I beg leave to assure the congress, 
that as no pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to ac- 
cept this arduous employment, at the expense of my domestic ease 
and happiness, I do not wish to make any profit from it. 1 will 
keep an exact account of my expenses. Those, I doubt not, they 
will discharge, and that is all I desire." 

• Israel Putnam directed the movements of the patriots on 
this occasion, jointly with Col. Prescott. He was one of the heroes 
whose names are embalmed in the glories of Bunker Hill. His 
life was full of romantic adventures. At one time, when but a 
youth, he descended into a wolf's den, and shot her by the light of 
her own glaring eyes. While actively engaged in the French and 
Indian War, he saved a comrade's life, at the imminent peril of 
his own, escaping from his enemies with fourteen bullet holes in 
his blanket. At another time he was taken prisoner by a party of 
savages, who, after driving him for many miles under a heavy 
load, bound him to a stake, and prepared to burn him to death. 
Already had the flames scorched his skin, when a French officer 
burst through the crowd, scattered the brand.s, and saved his life. 



124 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

June 17, the British seeing what the "rebels" were 
doing, sent Avell-disciplined troops to attack them, 
at the same time firing upon their works from 
shipping in the harbor. The British regulars un- 
der the command of General Howe, ascended the 
liill in perfect order, — the patriots patiently reserv- 
ing their lire till the British approached within 
pistol shot, when they made terrible havoc in their 
ranks. Twice were the British repulsed, and they 
would have been routed, had they not been largely 
re-enforced, and the ammunition of the patriots 
given out. At the third advance of the British, 
the Americans were obliged to abandon their for- 
tifications; but, as they slowly retreated, they 

Again, he was surprised by the Indians just above the rapids in 
the Hudson. His only chance of escape lay in threading the chan- 
nel of the boisterous passage. " With amazement his pursuers 
saw his boat leap into the seething waters, shoot through yawning 
whirlpools, dash past hidden rocks, and at last dart out into the 
placid waters far below." In February, 1779, Tryon, with 1500 
men, ravaged the eastern part of Connecticut. At Horse Neck 
about 100 Americans under Putnam assembled to oppose him. 
Being closely pursued by the British dragoons, Putnam was com- 
pelled to spur his horse down a steep precipice, in which daring 
attempt he escaped unhurt, amid a shower of the enemy's bullets. 
I'utnam had remarkable presence of mind. At Fort Edward the 
barracks caught fire ; and separated from them only by a thin par- 
tition, was a magazine containing 300 barrels of gunpowder. 
While the men all fled in alarm, he remained to pour water on the 
flames, put out the Are, and saved the fort. When the news of the 
battle of Lexington reached him, he was jdowing in the field. 
Leaving his plovv standing in the furrow, without even changing 
his clothes, he hastened to the scene of strife. The British at- 
tempted to bribe him, but the true old patriot could not be bought 
by gold or honors. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 125 

fought the advancing troops with dubs, stones, and 
the butts of their muskets. 

The British loss was heavy — more than 1,000 
men in killed and wounded. Yet the Americans 
had much cause for sorrow. Their loss was about 
425 — killed, wounded, and prisoners. Among those 
that fell was Gen. Joseph "Warren, a young physi- 
cian much beloved by the people for his sterling 
worth. He fought in the ranks as a common sol- 
dier, and was shot by a British officer who knew 
him. * 

7. Effect of this Battle.— The effect of this en- 
counter with the trained troops of king George was 
not discouraging to the patriots. They now be- 
lieved that they could whip the British in a fair 
fight, with plenty of arms and ammunition. The 
whole country was electrified. ^STearly every boy 
old enough to handle a musket enlisted in the 
army; and the gray-haired grandfather took the 
field against the oppressors of his country. 

8. Invasion of Canada. — The Americans looked 
to Canada for aid, and Gen. James Montgomery and 
Colonel Benedict Arnold planned an expedition 
against the British post at Quebec. Montgomer}'- 
led his army thither by way of Lake Champlain 
and the St. Lawrence river, capturing St. John's 
and Montreal on the way. Before Quebec he was 
joined by Arnold, who had led his men through 

* The American people have erected a noble monument 221 
feet high, on Bunker Hill, in honof of the heroic patriots who per- 
ished in this memorable battle. 



126 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the wilderness of Maine, half-famished and half- 
clad.* Their united forces — amounting to less 
than one thousand men — besieged the city for three 
weeks without eft'ect. On December 31st they de- 
cided to assault the works. A driving snow-storm 
was prevailing when they made the attack, and 
they fought at a great disadvantage. Montgomery 
was killed and Arnold wounded. The Americans 
were repulsed with much loss, and Canada was left 
in possession of the British. 



EVENTS OF 1776. 

1. Boston Evacuated. — On March 17th the British 
army under Howe which had occupied Boston 
since the beginning of the war, and had oppressed 
the people of that city by various vindictive acts 
and destroyed the business of the place by cutting 
off intercourse with the rest of the world, was 
compelled to evacuate by the generalship of Wash- 
ington, who had besieged it for some time. "Wash- 
ington's army entered the next day amid great 
rejoicing.f 

* The route taken by Arnold was through an unexplored wil- 
derness of three hundred miles. They had swamps and woods, 
mountains and precipices, alternately to surpass. Their provisions 
failed, and they were obliged to eat theii dogs, cartouch boxes, 
clothes, and shoes. Yet the courage and fortitude of these brave 
Baen continued unshaken. " They were stiffering in their country's 
cause, were toiling for wives and children, were contending for the 
rights and blessings of freedom." 

tDuring the occupation of Boston by the British army, provi- 
sions had been so scarce that a pound of fresh fish was twelve 




^ i HE Revolution. 

^ SOUTHERN COLONIES 



SC^LEOrMlLETS 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 127 

2. The Hessians. — The English government hired 
17,000 German troops called Hessians, to assist in 
conquering America. They were hired of the 
Landgrave of Hesse Cassel at $36 per head, the 
British government guaranteeing his dominions 
from attack during the absence of these hirelings. 

The Indians also were brought into their service, 
and many inhuman outrages vvere perpetrated by 
them with the sanction of British officers. 

3. British Repulsed at Fort Moultrie. — On June 28 
a British fleet in command of Admiral Parker and 
land forces under Sir Henry Clinton attacked Fort 
Moultrie, in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, 
but were gallantly repulsed by its brave defenders. 

Sergeant Jasper, a bold soldier, jumped from the 
walls of the fort to recover a flag which had been 
shot off", and placed it again upon the rampart 
amid a perfect storm of bullets.* 

4. Declaration of Independence.! — The Fourth of 
July is made memorable by the Americans in Con- 
gress assembled at Philadelphia declaring that 

pence (23 cents) ; a goose eight shillings and four pence ($1.92) ; a 
turkey twelve shillings and six pence ($2.84) ; a sheep cost thirty- 
five shillings ($8.05) ; apples thirty-three shillings and four pence 
($7.67) per bushel ; fire-wood forty-one shillings and eight pence 
($9.59) per cord, and finally was not to be obtained at any price. 

*This undaunted hero was, however, killed in a subsequent 
battle, while performing a similar daring act. {See " Events of 
1779," Topic 1.) 

tOn the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, 
offered a resolution in Congress declaring that "The United Colo- 
nies are, and of a right ought to be, free and independent States." After 
a long debate the consideration of the resolution was postponed 



128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

" The United Colonies are, and ought to be, Free 
and Independent States." The immortal document 
in which this Declaration is made, was written 
by Thomas Jefferson.* It was hailed throughout 
the country with general rejoicing. Bells were 
rung, cannon fired, the schools had a holiday, and 

until the 1st of July. On the 4th the resolution passed. " A signa- 
ture to the Declaration of Independence, without reference to gen- 
eral views, was, to each individual, a personal consideration of the 
most momentous import. It would be regarded in England as 
treason, and expose any man to the halter or the block. The sign- 
ers well knew the responsibility of their station ; they well knew 
the fate which awaited themselves should their experiment fail. 
They came, therefore, to the question of a declaration of independ- 
ence like men who had counted the cost; prepared to rejoice, with- 
out any unholy triumph, should God smile upon the transaction ; 
prepared also, if defeat should follow, to lead in the way to mar- 
tyrdom. The only signature on the original document which 
exhibits indications of a trembling hand, is that of Stephen Hop- 
kins, who had been afflicted with the palsy. In this work of treason 
John Hancock led the way as president of the Congress, and by 
the force with which he wrote he seems to have determined that 
his name should never be erased. The pen with which these sig- 
natures were made has been preserved, and is now in the cabinet of 
the Massachusetts Historical Society. The longevity of these sign- 
ers of the Declaration is worthy of notice. They were fifty-six m 
number, and the average length of their lives was about sixty-five 
years. Four of the number attained to the age of ninety years 
and upwards ; fourteen exceeded eighty years, and twenty-three, as 
one in two and a half, reached three score years and ten." Chakles 
Carroll, of Carrollton, who died in 1832 at the advanced age of 
96, was the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence. 

*As a composition, the Declaration is undoubtedly Mr. Jeffer- 
son's. Though some changes were made in it on the suggestion of 
other members of Congress while it was under discussion, yet it is 
the production of his mind, " and the high honor of it belongs to 
him clearly and absolutely." 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 129 

every patriot was glad, A few, however, called 
Tories, gave it no welcome.* These were still loyal 
to King George, believing that the colonies were 
wrong in resisting the mother country. The pat- 
riots, in their expressions of joy, pulled down the 
leaden statue of George III. in the Bowling Green 
at New York, and moulded it into bullets to be 
hurled against his subjects.f 

5. The Original Thirteen States. — The Colonies, 
with a population of nearly three millions, were 
now styled "The Thirteen United States of Amer- 
ica." {See map.) Their names are : 

NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

Massachusetts, settled in 1620 

New Hampshire, settled in 1623 

Rhode Island, settled in 1636 

Connecticut, settled in 1633 

*The English party names of Whig and Tory had been trans- 
ferred to this country. Tory, in England, signifies a friend and 
supporter of the monarchical power, in the highest degree. The 
term mtig was applied to those who were in favor of taking power 
from the crown, and giving it to the people. In America, these 
names had similar signification. The Whigs were those who 
favored the cause of liberty and were zealous in supporting the 
Colonies against the injustice of the British Parliament; the Tories 
were the favorers of Great Britain. The Tories were not numerous; 
but they generally belonged to what was called the higher class, in- 
cluding wealthy families, persons holding offices under the British 
government, and those connected with persons of rank in England. 

t On the 21st of May, 1775 — more than a year previous to this 
formal Declaration of Independence — the people of Charlotte, North 
Carolina, in convention assembled, declared themselves free from 
any allegiance to the British Crown, and resolved to defend the 
stand thus taken, with their lives and fortunes. 

9 



130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

MIDDLE STATES. 

New York, settled in 1613 

Maryland, settled in 1634 

Delaware, settled in 1638 

New Jersey, settled in 1664 

Pennsylvania, settled in 1682 

SOUTHERN STATES. 

Virginia, settled in 1607 

North Carolina, settled in 1663 

South Carolina, settled in 1670 

Georgia, settled in 1733 

6. " Pardons." — About this time General Howe, 
stationed with his army in the vicinity of New 
York, issued a proclamation offering pardon to all 
Americans that would lay down their arms and be- 
come loyal to England. This was treated with 
contempt. None responded to the " royal procla- 
mation." General Gage, at Boston the previous 
year, had issued a similar proclamation, exempting, 
however, from its benefits the patriots Samuel 
Adams and John Hancock. None availed them- 
selves of this " royal clemency." 

7. Battle of Long Island. — After General Howe, 
with his army, had evacuated Boston, he went to 
Halifax, and thence sailed for New York. Admiral 
Howe, his brother, with re-euforcements from Eng- 
land, and Clinton, from his defeat at Fort Moultrie, 
joined General Howe at New York. The British 
army was now 30,000 strong. Washington, antici- 
pating Howe's plans, gathered all his available 
forces at New York to protect that cit3\ He had 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 131 

•only 7,000 men. The British army, in three divis- 
ions, advanced upon the city from Long Island, 
August 27. The Americans were attacked in front 
.:and rear and terribly beaten, 2,000 out of 5,000 
engaged were lost in killed, wounded, and prison- 
ers.* Ilowe and Clinton delayed further attack, 
awaiting re-enforcements to capture the remnant of 
the American army. Had they not delayed, they 
might have done so ; but during the night, under 
cover of a dense fog, the wary Washington eluded 
chemf When morning came Howe found, to his 
dismay, that his prey had gone. 

8. Battle of White Plains. — Influenced by his 
officers, Washington retreated to the northern part 
of New York island, and then to White Plains, 
Here a partial engagement to the disadvantage of 
the Americans took place on the 28th of October. 

9. Washington's Retreat. — Leaving New York in 
possession of the British, Washington retreated 
with his army thraugh New Jersey toward Phila- 

*The captives were confined in crowded, badly ventilated pris- 
ons. The sufferings of these poor victims were horrible. The 
saddest scenes, however, occurred on the prison ships — old hulks 
anchored in the waters around New York. The one most noted 
for the cruelty of its officers was the Jersey Prison Ship. " From 
these loathsome places of confinement almost 11,000 bodies were 
carried out during the war and bui'ied in the sand of the beach." 

tSecure of his prey, the British general had no suspicion of 
what was going on. A Tory discovering Washington's movement 
to escape, sent a negro to inform the British ; but falling into the 
hands of the Hessians, who could not understand what he said, he 
was detained till his information was too late to be of value. 



132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

delphia, closely pursued by Coknwallis* with 6,000 
men. This retreat, though causing much suft'ering 
to the ill- clad and ill-shod patriots, was conducted 
in a masterly manner. Washington was thence 
called " the American Fabius." f He escaped the 
vigilance of Cornwallis, and crossing over inta 
Pennsylvania, quartered his troops along the Dela- 
ware (December).! 

10. Captain Nathan Hale. — Captain Hale was sent 
by Washington to gain some information respect- 
ing the movements of the British on Long Island. 
He was captured by the enemy and executed as a 
spy, — his last words being, " I only regret that I 
have but one life to give to my country." || 

* All through the Revolution, Lord Cornwallis was a promi- 
nent commander. He opposed the course of the British ministry 
which led to the war, but when the conflict opened he took the 
field and was soon made a Major-general. After the war he filled 
several public offices in England, with distinction. He was made 
a Marquis, became Viceroy of Ireland, and twice Governor-general 
of India. 

t Fabius was a Roman dictator, who led the armies of Rome 
against Hannibal, in the Second Punic war (218 B. C.) ; his cau- 
tion and experience were such, that without hazarding a battle he 
continued to keep the troops of Plaunibal in perpetual alarm, whilst 
his own remained in security ; on this account he was termed the 
buckler of Rome. 

I Frederic 11. of Prussia, the greatest general of his age, said 
that Washington's movements in New Jersey Avcre the most bril- 
liant in the annals of war. Of the American soldiers he said, " I 
like those brave fellows, and can not help secretly hoping for their 
success. The British Parliament," said he, "have acted like an 
infuriated fool in the American business." 

II The services of a clergyman, and even the use of a Bible, 
were denied him ; and letters which he had written to his mother 
and sisters were destroyed. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.' 133 

11. Effect of these Reverses. — These misfortunes 
to the Americans caused a depression which settled 
on the country lilie a pall. Many, more timid 
than patriotic, went over to the enemy, believing 
that American independence would prove a failure. 
The army was but poorly supplied with arms, many 
of the soldiers had no shoes ; and, during Wash- 
ington's famous retreat, many left their blood- 
stained foot-prints on the frozen ground. The 
British were jubilant, and now awaited spring to 
^'bag" the "fox," as they styled Washington. 

12. Battle of Trenton. — To raise the spirits of his 
troops and to remove the despair that seemed to be 
settling upon the country, Washington determined 
to strike a bold and almost reckless blow. 

At Trenton, New Jersey, was stationed a regi- 
ment of Hessians under command of Col. Rahl. 
Howe with his army was comfortably quartered 
for the winter at Kew York. Believing that the 
Americans were now too weak for aggressive war- 
fare he settled himself contentedly, awaiting the 
return of spring to quash the " rebellion." 

On Christmas Eve Washington's army crossed 
the Delaware, now full of floating ice and swollen 
by the recent floods, in small boats during a driving 
storm of hail and snow. On Christmas morning 
the Hessians, who in fancied security had been rev- 
■eling in wine and " Christmas cheer," were com- 
pletely surprised and routed. The Americans cap- 
tured nearly a thousand prisoners, besides many 
needed arms and valuable military stores. They 
lost but four men — two killed and two frozen to 



134 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



death. This victory revived the drooping energies 
of the country, and many recruits joined the army. 

13. Commissioners Sent to France. — In December 
Congress sent Benjamin Franklin,* Silas Dean, and 




Benjamin Franklin. 

* Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston in 1706, and died in: 
1790. His schooling was very limited, but being apprenticed to- 
his brother, a printer, he acquired a taste for reading and study. 
After learning his trade he went to Philadelphia and became the 
publisher of the " Pennsy/rani'a Gazette" and tlie celebrated "Poor 
Richard's Almanac." His discovery of the identity of lightning with 
electricity made him famous. As agent of the Colonies he twice 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 135 

Arthur Lee to France to seek assistance. France 
was not yet willing to help the Americans openly 
for she was at peace with England; but she found 
means to assist them privately. [See " Events of 
1778," Topio 1.) 

EVENTS OF 1777. 

1. Battle of Princeton. — After the battle of Tren- 
ton, Washington immediately re-crossed the Dela- 
ware ; and, sending his prisoners to a place of 
security, once more crossed the river and re-entered 
JSTew Jersey, encamping near Trenton. 

Hearing of Washington's movements, Howe or- 
dered Cornwallis to direct in person the military 
operations of that region. Cornwallis with a large 
force encamped (Jan. 2d) near the American army, 
intending to attack it in the morning ; but during 
the night Washington by a skillful maneuvre not 
only rescued his army from destruction, but added 
glory to American arms. Leaving his camp-lires 
burning he silently withdrew his men, and leading 
them by a circuitous route reached Princeton early 
on the morning of Jan. 3d. The object of this 
manettvre was to surprise and capture some British 

visited England. After his return from France as Minister Pleni- 
potentiary, in 1785, he was made "President of the Commonwealth 
of Pennsylvania," holding the office for three years. He was also 
one of the framers of the Constitution. His essays on various 
philosophical subjects are valuable and popular. The most noted 
of his works is his "Autobiography," which has been published in 
nearly every written language. He founded the American Philo- 
sophical Society, and established the University of Pennsylvania. 
" His life is a noble example of the results of industry and perse- 
verance, and his death was the occasion of public mourning." 



136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

troops en route to join Coriiwallis, lodged for the 
night at Princeton. The surprise would have been 
complete, had not the Americans met a brigade of 
the enemy already on the march for Trenton. An 
engagement took place, in which the British were 
defeated, losing 100 killed and 300 prisoners, while 
the Americans lost but 30 men. 

Reaching Morristown he intrenched himself to 
await further developments. Thus the " American 
Fabius," with his plucky little army, outgeneraled 
Howe and Cornwallis, and taught those haughty 
Peers to fear and respect a foe whom they had pre- 
tended to despise. This was the last military move- 
ment during the winter. 

2. Danbiiry, Conn., Burned. — In the spring of 
this year General Tryon, of New York, sent an 
expedition against Danbury, Connecticut. His 
troops went in vessels by the Sound, and landing 
April 26, marched to Danbury and destroyed the 
American stores collected there. On their way 
back to the Sound, the British were attacked by the 
militia and lost 300 men. Among the Americans 
killed was General Wooster, a veteran of the 
French and Indian War.* {See ''Events of 1779," 
Toj)ic 2.) 

*General Woostei', thougli a man of seventy, fought with all 
the vigor of youth. General Arnold received the fire of a whole 
platoon at a distance of thirty yards, but escaped uninjured. Soon 
after Tryon's expedition Colonel Meigs retaliated by crossing from 
Connecticut and burning twelve British vessels and a large quan- 
tity of stores at Sag Harbor, near the eastern extremity of Long 
Island. He brought back ninety prisoners, v/ithout the loss of a 
single man. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 137 

3. The British Evacuate New Jersey. — In the 

spring Hcwe employed various plans to induce the 
Americans to quit their camp and risk an open 
battle ; but "Washington, seeing the trap, preferred 
remaining in camp to risking defeat, and the Brit- 
ish at length evacuated New Jersey. 




American Flag—" Stars and Stripes." 

4. Our Flag.— "The Stars and Stripes"— the 
prettiest flag in the world — was adopted as the em- 
blem of our nationality, June 14th. The thirteen 
stripes, seven red and six white, alternating, repre- 
sent the Thirteen Original States, and an additional 
star is placed upon it for every new State. Thirty- 
eight stars now spangle its blue field. 

5. Burgoyne's Army. — About this time General 
John Burgoyne, with a large army, composed of 



138 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

British regulars, Hessians and Indians, came from 
Canada to destroy the American defenses in the 
north. They captured Ticonderoga, securing a 
laro:e amount of military stores. 

6. Battle of Beniiin^ton. — Being in need of horses^ 
oxen, and vehicles to transport his supplies taken 
at Ticonderoga, Burgoyne sent Col. Baum with 500 
select men toward Bennington, Vermont, to pro- 
cure these things. Here this detachment of marau- 
ders was met on the 16th of August by 800 volun- 
teers, led by the gallant Gen. John Stark, "We 
must beat the red coats, my boys, or this day 
Mollie Stark is a widow," were the words of Stark,. 
as the British formed for battle. A sharp conflict 
followed in which the Americans came off best. 
In the afternoon both sides were re-enforced, and 
the battle was renewed with increased vigor. About 
500 of the enemy were killed, and 600 taken pris- 
oners, while the Americans lost but 150 killed and 
wounded. Valuable munitions of war were also 
captured. * 

7. Battle of The Brandy wine. — September 11th 
Cornwallis and Clinton attacked Washington at 
Chad's Ford on the Brandywine, near Philadelphia. 
The Americans under their gallant leaders per- 
formed prodigies of valor ; but being outnumbered 

* The patriotism which actuated the Americans at this time 
is illustrated in the case of an old man who liad five sons at the 
battle of Bennington. A neighbor who had just come from the 
field, told him that one of them had been unfortunate. " Has he 
pioved a coward or traitor?" anxiously asked the father. "Worse 
than that," was the answer; "he has fallen, but while fighting 
bravely." " Then," said the father, " I am satisfied." 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 13^ 

by the enemy they were defeated. The British 
now took up their quarters at Philadelphia (Sep- 
tember 26th). 

8. La Fayette. — In the battle of the JBrandywine 
several patriotic foreigners were engaged, among 
whom was the Marquis de La Fayette {day lah 
fay-et'), a generous and liberty-loving young French 
nobleman, who left wealth and position in B"" ranee 
to assist the Americans to gain their independence. 
lie rendered valuable aid to the patriot cause, 
equipping whole companies at his own expense. 
His name is honored and revered by every true 
lover of liberty.* {See Monroe's Administration^. 
Topic 10.) 

9. Battle of (lerniantowii. — The British main army 
was stationed at Germantown, a small village near 
Philadelphia. On October 4, Washington and his 
officers decided to hazard an attack. At first the 
Americans gained a decided advantage, but owing 
to a dense fog, the troops became panic-stricken 
and fled at the very moment of victory. Thus th& 
British gained many important points in that re- 

*A number of foreign patriots volunteered their services to 
aid the cause of American independence. Among those that, dur- 
ing the war, rendered valuable services as officers were the German 
barons John De Kalb and Fkederick Steuben, the Poles 
Thaddeus Kosciusko and Count Casimir Pulaski, and especially 
the French Marquis De La Fayette. After the disastrous battle 
of Long Island, La Fayette was told of the despairing state of the 
country, then so poor that it could not provide him a conveyance. 
" Then," said La Fayette, " this is the moment when I can render 
the most essential service." He provided a vessel for himself. 
His arrival caused heartfelt joy. Washington received him as a 
sou ; and Congress made him a major-general. 



140 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

10. Death of Miss M'Crea. — About this time while 
Burgoyne's army was attempting to capture Fort 
Edward, on the Hudson, occurred the melancholy 
death of Miss M'Crea, an American young lady 
betrothed to a loyalist officer in Burgoyne's array. 
She was captured by Indians near Fort Edward ; 
and while they were conveying her to the British 
camp, the Americans in the fort fired on her cap- 
tors, and Miss M'Crea was killed. The story spread 
that she had been killed and scalped by the sav- 
ages. It greatly increased the hatred toward the 
British, and brought many volunteers to the Amer- 
ican camp. 

11. Surrender of Bur^oyne. — Burgoyne, after his 
capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, continued 
his invasion of the North. The Americans gath- 
ered from the neighboring States to check his ad- 
vance. Farmers left their fields and volunteered 
their services ; an army was rapidly collected and 
drilled. Burgoyne's position now became critical. 
He had sent a detachment to take Fort Stanwix 
(now Kome), 'New York, and to devastate that re- 
gion. Gen. Arnold, who had been sent by Gen. 
Schuyler {sky'-ler) to the relief of Fort Stanwix, 
caused the British to beat a precipitate retreat, by 
an ingenious stratagem which made them believe 
that a large force was coming against them. * 

* "A half-witted Tory boy who had been taken prisoner, was 
promised his freedom, if lie would spread the report among the 
Britisli troops that a large body of Americans was close at hand. 
The boy, having cut holes in his clothes, ran breathless into the 
camp of the besiegers, showing the bullet holes and describing 
his narrow escape from the enemy. VVlien asked their number, 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 141 

Gen. Horatio Gates, whom Congress had ap- 
pointed to the command of the Northern Army in 
place of Schu3der, had now a large army, full of 
enthusiasm, and impatient to drive out the invad- 
ers. At Saratoga the two armies engaged in bat- 
tles (September 19th and October 7th). The contest 
was desperate on both sides, but the Americans 
were the gainers. * Both armies then intrenched 
themselves for. nearly two weeks. Burgoyne, des- 
pairing of receiving the re-enforcements he had 
expected, and hemmed in on all sides by the deter- 
mined Americans, was obliged to surrender his en- 
tire army of 6,000 men and all his munitions of 
war (October 17th). During the ceremony of surren- 
dering, the musicians in the American army played 
the tune of " Yankee Doodle. "f Benedict Arnold — 
whose subsequent treason is related elsewhere — 
performed many acts of heroism during the battles 
preceding the surrender, though he had been un- 
justly deprived of his command by Gates, who was 
doubtless envious of his reputation. | 

he mysteriously pointed upward to the leaves on the trees. The 
Indians and British were so frightened that they fled precipi- 
tately, leaving their tents and artillery behind them." 

*So close was the struggle that a single cannon was five times 
taken and retaken by the contending parties. Finally, the Amer- 
icans succeeded in retaining it; and wheeling it round ujion the 
enemy, fired on them with their own ammunition. 

tThis national air was composed by a surgeon in the British 
army, in 1755, during the PVench and Indian War, to ridicule the 
uncouth appearance which the provincial troops presented. 

JThough deprived of his command, Arnold, who was impa- 
•liently watching the progress of the battle, could restrain himself 



142 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

12. Clinton's Operations. — Gen. Clinton, in tlie 
meantime, had ascended the Hudson as far as forts 
Clinton and Montgomery and captured both forts ; 
but instead of hastening to the assistance of Bur- 
^oyne, he sent an expedition to devastate the coun- 
try. The British on the northern frontier, upon 
hearing of their disaster at Saratoga, abandoned 
Ticonderoga and other forts, and Clinton, after 
burning Kingston, returned to 'New York. 

13. Effect of Burgoyne's Defeat. — This brilliant 
victory, so gallantly won, caused rejoicing through- 
out the country. Congress awarded a medal of 
honor to Gates, and a vote of thanks to the brave 
soldiers who did the fighting. The people were 
cheered in spite of the general financial depression 
of affairs. 

no longer. When General Frazer's division attacked the Ameri- 
can flank they were repelled by Morgan's corps, which then furi- 
ously charged the British right. " Hastily mounting his large 
brown horse, Arnold spurred toward the hottest of the fight. 
Gates, fearing that he would gain fresh laurels, sent Major Arm- 
strong after him with orders to return. But Arnold was already 
out of reach. He was received with shouts of exultation by the 
men whom he had before led to victory. With a desperation akin 
to madness, he charged Frazer's brigade, now rallying under its 
intrepid commander. Perceiving that Frazer was the soul of the 
British army, Morgan directed several of his riflemen to make him 
the special object of their aim. A ball soon struck the general's 
saddle ; another wounded his horse in the neck. Despite these 
warnings, he refused to retire, and in a few minutes fell, mortally 
wounded." Frazer's fall decided the battle. Arnold was at last 
overtaken by Major Armstrong, with Gates's order to return, but 
not till he had achieved a glorious victory, with little aid from 
Gates, who had kept himself all day in the camp. 



KEVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 143 

France, hearing of it, recognized the independ- 
ence of America, and sent troops the following 
spring to aid the cause. * 

14. At Valley Forge. — Burgoyne's surrender closed 
the campaign of 1777. To the Northern Army it 
had brought success and victory; to the Southern 
Army, disaster and defeat. The Southern Army 
under Washington, during the winter of 1777-'78, 
quartered at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. This 
winter was an unusually long and severe one, and 
the soldiers were poorly prepared to endure its 
hardships. They were only half clad, had few beds, 
and many had neither straw nor blankets to lie upon. 
Their provisions were also scanty, and the Govern- 
ment was too poor to help them. To add to the 
•despondency, a cabal was formed against Washing- 
ton by Gates, Conway, and others envious of his 
fame.f Their object was to have him removed, 
and have Gates supersede him as commander-in- 
chief. The conspiracy failed, and its originators 
have received the condemnation of posterity. 

Had the British, instead of remaining in their 

* Holland acknowledged the independence of the United 
States in 1782 ; Sweden in February, 1783 ; Denmark in the same 
month , Spain in March ; Russia in July. 

t The most active agent of the plot was Gen. Conway. Even 
Congress so far gave way as to appoint this man inspector-general. 
"Washington, in the calmness of his righteous mind, turned not 
aside from his public duties, to notice his private enemies. But 
the people took his part; and, the more for this magnanimity. 
The army were so indignant, that at length, all who had been en- 
gaged in the plot, whatever had been their former services, were 
now afraid of their resentment, and kept out of the way." 



144 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

comfortable quarters in Philadelphia and New 
York, attacked the Americans at this time, they 
might have annihilated the entire army. 

15. The English Attempt Reconciliation. — About 
this time, when affairs looked gloomy to the patri- 
ots, the British attempted to bribe some influential 
Americans. They made a proposal to Gen. Joseph 
Reed, offering him 10,000 guineas — about $50,0'00 — 
and a lucrative office, if he would exert his influ- 
ence to reconcile America. The honest patriot 
spurned the offer with indignant pride, answering : 
" I am not worth purchasing ; but such as I am, the 
King of England is not rich enough to buy me." 

16. Articles of Confederation. — In November of 
this year Articles of Confederation for the gov- 
ernment of the States were adopted by Congress. 
These, however, in consequence of not being rati- 
fied by all the States till 1781, did not go into effect 
before that time. {See ''After the War,'' Topic 2.) 



'^EVENTS OF 1778, 

1. A French Fleet Arrives. — In the spring the 
hearts of all were gladdened by the news that the 
eftbrts of the Commissioners, Franklin, Dean, and 
Lee, had been crowned with success, and that a 
fleet was on its way to help the cause of liberty. 

2. Battle of Monmouth. — Gen. Clinton, now com- 
manding the British at New York, became alarmed 
by the approach of the French fleet and ordered his 
forces to concentrate at that point. In the march 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 145 

across New Jersey, they were closely followed by 
Washington's army, and compelled to make a stand 
at Monmouth, June 28. The day was excessively 
warm, and nearly as many soldiers of both sides 
died from heat and thirst as were slain by bullets. 
The field was stubbornly contested, but when night 
ended the battle neither party had gained a vic- 
tory. * 

3. Conduct of Gen. Charles Lee. — Gen. Charles 
Lee, who commanded a division of the American 
army in this battle, retreated from some cause at 
the moment of victory ; but his flying troops were 
rallied by Washington. Lee was sternly rebuked 
by the commander-in-chief, on the field, and was 
afterward removed from the army for apparent 
treachery before the enemy. He could have re- 
entered the service, but it seems he was deficient 
in patriotism. He was a brave and brilliant ofiicer, 
but envious and impulsive. 

4. Massacre at Wyoming. — On July 3d a band of 
Tories and Indians ravaged Wyoming Valley, 
Pennsylvania, burned the houses and murdered 
women, children, and old men. The Tories and 
Lidians vied with one another in deeds of cruelty 
and horror. 

* Mary Pitcher, the wife of an American artillery-man, while 
bringing water to her husband from a spring, saw him fall, and 
heard an order given for removing his gun. The heroic woman at 
once took her husband's place, and with great skill and courage 
performed his duties in a way that elicited the warmest admira- 
tion. Washington afterward appointed her a sergeant in the 
army, with half-pay through life. The soldiers gave her the name 
of " Major Molly." 

10 



146 HISTORY OF *rHE UNITED STATES. 

A similar party under the notorious Butler and 
Brandt devastated the region of the Mohawk in 
the following November, and destroyed a thriving 
settlement at Cherry Valley. General Sullivan 
avenged these outrages by destroying forty Indian 
villages. * 

5. Close of the Year's Campaign. — The French fleet 
attempted to drive the British out of Rhode Island, 
but a storm disabling the vessels, the commander 
was forced to abandon the undertaking, and sailed 
to the West Indies for the winter. The British in 
December attacked and captured Savannah, and 
reduced the whole of Georgia. 



EVENTS OF 1779. 

1. Operations at the South. — In the spring of this 
year the British attempted to capture Charleston, 
South Carolina, but were scared off by the approach 
of American forces. In September the French 
fleet under the command of Count D'Estaing (des- 
tang') joined the American forces under Gen. Lin- 
coln t in an attack on Savannah. The assault was 

* The vengeance inflicted was fearful. As to Wyoming and 
Cherry Valley no mercy was shown but the hatchet ; so from the 
Susquehanna to the Genesee, none but the firebrand. The whole 
region was swept as by a tornado ; and the terrible punishment 
was never forgotten. 

t General Lincoln, early in the war, showed military ability, 
and gained rapid promotion. At White Plains he distinguished 
himself for bravery. After his capture at Charleston, he was per- 
mitted to go home on pai'ole, though he was not exchanged for 
nearly a year. He afterward held important commands until the 
close of the war. 



■ REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 147 

unsuccessful, and a thousand lives were lost. The 
noble Polish patriot Count Pulaski * was here 
mortally wounded. The gallant Sergeant Jasper, 
whose bravery has been mentioned, was killed in 
this engagement. The French fleet thus far, and, 
indeed, during the remainder of the war, rendered 
the Americans no efficient help. 

2. British Depredatioiis.f — The British at the 
North contented themselves by sending out pre- 
datory parties. Many defenseless towns in Con-- 
necticut were pillaged and burned by the notorious 
Tryon. {See ''Events of 1777," To-pic 2.) 

3. Capture of Stony Point. — Stony Point, a British 
fort on the Hudson, was captured July 15th by the 
brave Gen. Anthony Wayne — "Mad Anthony" — 
as he was styled. This was a daring and brilliant 
achievement and gave new lustre to American 
arms. • 

4. Capture of Paulus Hook. — On July 19th another 
brilliant exploit crowned the efforts of the patriots. 

*" Having lost his father and brothers in the hopeless defence 
of his country, and being himself outlawed, he had come to fight 
for the freedom of America. At lirst he served as a volunteer. 
He fought valiantly at the battle of Brandywine. During the 
second year he commanded an independent corps of cavalry, 
lancers, and light-infantry, called ' Pulaski's Legion,' with which 
he did effectual service. He was buried in the Savannah Kiver. 
The corner-stone of a monument raised to his memory in Savan- 
nah, was laid by La Fayette while visiting that city during his 
triumphal progress through the United States (1824)." 

t The British seemed to have aimed at little more than to dis- 
tress, plunder, and destroy, it having been, early in this year, 
adopted as a principle upon which to act, "to render the Colonies 
of as little avail as possible to their new connection^." 



148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The British post at Paulus Hook in New Jersey, 
opposite the city of New York, was surprised at 
night by Major Lee, — "Light Horse Harry Lee," — 
and 150 of the garrison were made prisoners. 

5. Paul Jones's Exploit. — Commodore Paul 
Jones, * in a daring exploit on the English seas, 
September 23d, captured the Serapis, a powerful 
British man-of-war, after a brilliant engagement of 
two hours. His vessel was named JBon Homme 
'Richard {bo-nom' re-shar'). She was so much in- 
jured in the fight that after the victory Jones was 
obliged to destroy her and pursue his course in the 
captured vessel. 

This bloody sea-fight is one of the most cele- 
brated in American history, and it. greatly humili- 
ated the boasted " Mistress of the Seas." 



EVENTS OF 1780. 

1 Fall of Charleston. — Cornwallis attacked 
Charleston by sea and land, and after a terrible 
bombardment and a long siege, General Lincoln, 
the American commander, was forced to surrender 
(May 12th). 

2. Partisan Patriots. — At this time valuable ser- 
vice to the cause of Independence was rendered by 

* John Paul Jones was a native of Scotland, and at the begin- 
ning of the war entered the naval service of the United States. 
His activity and prowess were shown in his capture of sixteen 
prizes in about six weeks. " Hurrying from point to point, wher- 
ever a prize was to be taken or a daring deed to be achieved, he 
seemed everywhere present and always invincible." 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 149 

such men as Marion* and Sumter, who, with small 
bodies of sharp-shooters carried on a guerrilla war- 
fare, harassing the British in no small degree. They 
were not attached to the main army, but confined 
their operations to the defense of their homes. 
They were thoroughly imbued with a love for lib- 
erty, and endured many privations with heroic for- 
titude. These bold citizen soldiers were a terror to 
Tories and small detachments of British troops. 

3. Battle of Camden. — General Gates, who had 
taken command of the Southern army, attacked 
Cornwallis at Camden, South Carolina, August 
16th. The Americans were defeated. The result 
was that the British obtained possession of the 
State and ruled the situation in the South. The 

*Francis Marion was a descendant of the Huguenots of South 
Carolina, and had served in early life against the Cherokees. He 
was also at Fort Sullivan and Charleston. He was one of the most 
successful of the partisan leaders. He organized a mounted band 
of about twenty men and boys, some white and others black. As 
circumstances allowed, he increased their number from time to 
time, and achieved with their aid a series of minor though bril- 
liant victories. Their motley appearance and wretched apparel 
gained for them the name of " the ragged regiment," and the proud 
Gates, who had just been appointed to the command of the south- 
ern department, would not receive them into the regular army, but 
sent them to the interior of Carolina. It is said that a British offi- 
cer, sent to negotiate concerning an exchange of prisoners, once 
dined with Marion, who could afford only roasted potatoes for din- 
ner. On inquiry he ascertained that this was their usual fare; 
also that the patriot general and his men served without pay. 
Believing it useless to fight men cherishing sucli devotion to the 
cause of liberty, the officer afterward resigned his commission. 



150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

brave foreigner Baron DeKalb was killed in this 
battle.* 

4. Continental Money. — In 1775 Congress issued 
paper money with which to carrj'- on the war. 
The value of this currency had now depreciated so 
much that $40 in bills were worth only $1 in specie. 
It therefore required a great deal of it to purchase 
the necessaries of life, and many persons refused to 
take it. In this crisis Robert Morris, a wealthy 
citizen of Philadelphia, came to the rescue of his 
country, and made himself bankrupt to aid the 
cause of freedom. f 

5. Arnold's Treason. — In September the Ameri- 
can cause received a blow from an unexpected 
quarter. Benedict Arnold, who had heretofore 
been a gallant defender of his country, attempted 
to betray into the hands of the enemy the important 
post at West Point, of which he had purposely ob- 
tained charge. 

By extravagance and gambling he had involved 
himself greatly in debt, and to extricate himself 
had appropriated public money. For this he was 

*DeKalb was a German by birth, and had formerly served in 
the armies of the French. In consideration of his distinguished 
merit as an officer and soldier, a monument was erected to his 
memory at Camden, the corner-stone of which was laid by.LaFay- 
ette. 

tThe women of the Kevolutionary times also made noble 
efforts in the cause of liberty. They organized societies and made 
up large quantities of clothing with their own hands for the suffer- 
ing soldiers. The patriot ladies of Philadelphia especially were 
active in this respect. Many a needy and ragged soldier had 
cause to bless the generous women of the country. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 151 

tried and sentenced to be reprimanded by the com- 
mander-in-chief. Stung by the reproof, he deter- 
mined upon revenge. He arranged terms with the 
British general Clinton ; and Major Andre, an ac- 
complished young Engli?.h oiiicer, went inside the 
American lines to confei with Arnold. While re- 
turning from this secret conference, he was arrested 
as a spy by three American soldiers, who delivered 
him to their commander, Col. Jameson. In Andre's 
boots were found papers which revealed the con- 
templated treachery. Arnold, learning that his plans 
were frustrated, escaped to the British army.* 

Andre was tried and hanged. His melancholy 
fate, from such a cause, was regretted by both 
friends and foes.f 

Arnold received for his treason $50,000 and a 

•"On the morning of Andre's arrest, Arnold expected Wash- 
ington at his quarters; but, as the latter did not come, he sat 
down to breakfast with his family. While there, a letter was 
placed in his hands, announcing Andre's capture. Calling his wife 
up-stairs, he told her that they must part at once, perhaps forever, 
and bade her a hasty adieu. Mrs. Arnold, who was unacquainted 
■with her husband's treachery, dismayed at his words, fell fainting 
to the floor. Hastily kissing his infant boy, who lay asleep in the 
cradle, the traitor left the house by an unfrequented path, and es- 
caped." 

t Andre was a brave, amiable and accomplished man. Gen. 
Clinton tried every means to effect his release. Washington pro- 
posed to exchange him for Arnold ; but Clinton could not honor- 
ably violate his faith with the traitor. Andre showed no fear of 
death, but asked to be shot, instead of hanged. This last request 
could not be complied with, and he was hanged at Tappan, New 
Jersey, in October. 



152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

commission as Brigadier General in the British army. 
He thereafter fought against the Americans.* 

6. The Captors of Audre. — The names of the three 
honest patriots who arrested Andre were John 
Paulding, Isaac Van Ware, and David Williams. 
Andre oifered a bribe of 10,000 guineas, if they 
would let him pass, but they refused. Congress re- 
warded them for their fidelity by giving each an 
appropriately inscribed medal and a pension for 
life. 

7. Battle of King's Mountain. — After the battle of 
Camden, Corwallis moved into North Carolina and 
sent Col. Ferguson before him to rally the Tories 
in the mountainous region. Ferguson was attacked 
at King's Mountain, October 7, by Col. Campbell 
and a number of backwoods riflemen, and was 
slain with 150 of his men. Campbell's men were 
so incensed by the barbarities of Tories in Fergu- 
son's band that they hung a number of the prison- 
ers after the battle. 



EVENTS OF 1781. 

1. Battle of the Cowpens. — On January 17th the 
British under Tarleton were routed at the battle 
of " the cow-pens," North Carolina, by the dashing 

* Arnold wreaked his malice on America by devastating dif- 
ferent portions of the country. On his arrival in England, after 
the war, he was treated with universal contempt. In America his 
name was, and is, mentioned with detestation. Years afterward, 
the celebrated Talleyrand, intending to visit America, desired 
letters of introduction from Arnold, but received the reply, "I was 
born in America; I lived there to the prime of my life; but, alas! 
I can call no man in America my friend." 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 153 

General Morgax, with a loss of 600 men."*^ Morgan 
then started for Virginia, pursued by Cornwallis. 

2. General (jreeiie's Retreat. — General Greene, of 
whose army Morgan's force was a part, now joined 
Morgan and conducted the retreat.f Greene was a 
cautious and skillful general, and, though he gained 
but one battle, yet his successful retreats had all 
the effects of victory. For his prudence, wisdom, 
and valor, Congress awartled him high honors. 

*Tarleton, who had been wounded by Colonel Washington in 
a personal encounter during this battle, sneeringly remarked while 
conversing with a witty American lady, " That Colonel Washing- 
ton is very illiterate; I am told that he can not write his name." 
"Ah, Colonel," replied she, "you should know better ; for you bear 
evidence that he can make his mark." At another time, when Tarle- 
ton expressed his desire to see Colonel Washington, the lady re- 
plied, " Had you looked behind you at Cowpens, you might have 
had that pleasure." 

tDuring this retreat Greene entered the town of Salisbury 
(sawlZ-ber-re) drenched with rain and overcome with fatigue. The 
hostess of the inn at which he put up, hearing him say that he was 
"hungry, alone, and pennyless," after preparing his dinner, brought 
him all the money she had, and insisted on his accepting it. Ke- 
freshed here, the retreat was resumed, and 150 miles from the Cow- 
pens a junction with Morgan's forces was efTected. Being yet too 
weak to face the enemy, the retreat was continued, Reaching the 
ford of the Dan ahead of Cornwallis, the American army crossed 
over in safety. Cornwallis here gave up the pursuit. In conduct- 
ing this memorable retreat, both Morgan and Greene displayed 
great ability. *' The men bore their hardships with the most 
praiseworthy fortitude. Their clothing was wretched ; their shoes 
were completely worn out. During most of the march they had 
eaten but one meal a day, and had slept in the open air, there 
being no time to pitch their tents." Greene avoided a general 
action by constantly changing his position, but on the 15th of 
March, his army having been re-enforced, he offered battle to the 



154 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Arnold's Depredations. — The traitor Arnold, 
desiring to gratify his revenge, invaded Virginia 
during this year with an army of British and To- 
ries, burned Riclimond and committed other out- 
rages. He also ravaged the vicinity of his former 
home in Connecticut. 

Washington, with the aid of an old soldier named 
Champe, planned the capture of Arnold's person ; 
but just as the effort wae about to be successful, 
Arnold suddenly changed his quarters and the at- 
tempt failed. 

4. Battle of Eutaw Springs. — On September 8th 
Greene defeated Cornwallis at the battle of Eutaw 
Springs, North Carolina. Cornwallis, with his army, 
now took his position at Yorktown, Virginia. 

5. Surrender of Cornwallis. — The situation of the 
British army under Cornwallis at Yorktown soon 
became critical. Washington and his able generals 
besieged the place, and on October 19th, after a 
fierce cannonading, Cornwallis was obliged to sur- 
render his entire army of 7,000 men and all his 
munitions of war. The surrender is said to have 
been very imposing.* Cornwallis felt so humiliated 

enemy at Guilford Court House. The superior discipline of the 
British, however, prevailed, and Greene drew off his army in good 
order, though he was obliged to leave his artillery in the hands of 
the enemy. He now turned his course to South Carolina, and with 
the aid of Marion, Sumter, and other partisan leaders, nearly de- 
livered this State and fireorgia from the British. 

*People from the surrounding country assembled by thousands 
to witness the humiliation of the proud British general and his 
ruthless army. The British came forth gayly dressed, but without 
flying colors, since that honor had been denied the American army 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 155 

that he declined to deliver his sword in person, but 
sent it by one of his officers. 

6. The End — Peace. — The surrender of Cornwal- 
lis effectually ended the War of the Revolution. 
The British government saw the utter impossibility 
of subduing the " Rebels," and was thus forced to 
acknowledge the Independence of the " United 
States of America." England, therefore, ordered 
home her troops; and on the 3d of September, 
1783, the definitive treaty of peace was signed at 
Paris. By the terms of the treaty the boundaries 
of the United States were fixed at the Great Lakes 
on the North, at Florida — ceded back to Spain — 
on the South, and the Mississippi river on the West. 
The news was received with unbounded joy all over 
the country. The American people were now " free 
and equal" before all the world. The army was 
disbanded and the war-worn soldiers returned to 
their homes. Washington, after bidding his of- 
ficers an affecting farewell, "retired to Mount Ver- 
non, followed by the thanksgiving of a grateful 
people."* 

on its surrender at Charleston. " The captive army approached, 
moving slowly in columns with grace and precision. Universal 
silence was observed amidst the vast concourse, and the utmost de- 
cency prevailed. Every eye was now turned, searching for the 
British commander-in-chief, anxious to look at the man heretofore 
so much an object of dread. All were disappointed. Cornwallis, 
unable to bear up against the humiliation of marching at the head 
of his garrison, constituted General O'Hara his representative on 
the occasion." 

* Washington's words on this occasion were as follows : " With 
a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most 
devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and 



156 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

AFTER THE WAR. 

1. Condition of the Country. — The close of the 
war found the Government of the young nation in 
a weak condition. The treasury was empty, and 
the country involved in debt. Many of the sol- 
diers had not received their pay, and several acts 
of violence were committed by them, under unprin- 
cipled leaders. It was found that by the Articles 
OF Confederation, under which the United States 
had existed since 1781, Congress had no power to 
raise money and pay the debts incurred by the war. 
The individual States were therefore called upon 
for funds, but their efforts to raise money by direct 
taxation produced great opposition, especially in 
Massachusetts, where it grew into an open insur- 
rection, known as " Shay's Rebellion " (1787). This, 
however, was soon suppressed. 

Many persons thought that the people were inca- 
pable of self-government, and proposed that Wash- 
ington should become king. This proposal he 
spurned with indignation. 

After much anxiety as to the stability of the in- 
fant Government and much bitter feeling from 
some sources, the wise counsels of Washington pre- 
vailed and the financial difiiculties were amicably 
adjusted. 

happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable. I 
can not come to each of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged 
to you if each will come and take me by the hand." Many of 
these strong men wept. Each in turn grasped the hand of the great 
commander, wbo, according to the custom of the times, kissed each 
brave officer in turn as he came to bid adieu. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 157 

2. Adoption of The Constitution. — During the liev- 
olutionary War the States had adopted the Arti- 
cles OF Confederation (See ^'Events o/1777," Topic 
16), which were then suited to the condition of the 
country; but now, owing to a different order of 
affairs, the best men of the land felt the necessity 
of a more potent national government. Accord- 
ingly a convention was called at Philadelphia to 
revise the Articles of Confederation. This conven- 
tion, with Washington as president, was composed 
of men of talent and statesmanship. After much 
discussion and some opposition they adopted an 
entirely new Constitution (September 17, 1787). 
The Government was organized under it during 
the ensuing year, and in 1789 it went into fall 
operation. 

3. The Two Political Parties. — In some sections 
the new Constitution met with the most determined 
opposition. Two political parties came into exist- 
ence — the Federalists, and Ajstti-Federalists, or 
Kepublicans ; the former favored the Constitution, 
and advocated a centralized government ; the lat- 
ter advocated the doctrine of State Sovereignty, 
and opposed a central government. The leaders 
of the Federal party were Alexander Hamilton,* 
James Madison, and John Jay. Thomas Jefferson 
was the great head of the Anti-Federal, or Repub- 
lican party. 

* Hamilton was the ablest advocate of a centralized govern- 
ment. In conjunction with Madison and Jay, he wrote a series of 
" profound and luminous " articles in favor of the adoption of the 
Constitution. 



158 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. Westward, Ho ! — Daring and immediately after 
the war emigration to the West from the Eastern 
and Middle States set in. Many from Virginia 
and North Carolina also sought homes farther west, 
particularly in the " Territory South of the Ohio," 
since known as Kentucky and Tennessee. (See 
Map of Territorial Growth). 

5. The Northwest Territory. — This comprised the 
great tract north of the Ohio and east of the Mis- 
sissippi, out of which have been carved the States 
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. 
The bill for the erection of the Northwest Territory 
passed the Continental Congress in 1787. {See 31ap 
of Territorial Growth.) While it was pending, Mr. 
Jefferson introduced and had carried an amendment 
forever excluding slavery from that extensive re- 
gion. A territorial government was here first in- 
troduced into the American system. 

6. A Territory Defined. — A Territory is a district, 
which, for the want at first of a sufficient population, 
is not admitted into the Union as an independent 
State. It may become a State when it can send 
one Representative to Congress. Every ten years 
a census of the whole United States is taken, and 
the number of inhabitants required to send one 
liepresentative to Congress is then determined for 
the succeeding ten years. The quotient arising 
from dividing the whole number of population of 
the United States by the number of Representa- 
tives in the House will entitle a State to one Rep- 
resentative in Congress ; and to become a State, a 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 159' 

Territorj' must have at least one Representative. 
{See National Period, ^'Government" Topic 4.) 

The Governor and other chief officers are ap- 
pointed by the President, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate. Each organized Terri- 
tory is represented in Congress by a delegate, who 
may debate, but can not vote. More than half the 
States were at first organized as Territories.* 



SECTION" II. 

RECAPITULATION OF THE BATTLES OF THE EEVO- 
L UTION. 

The principal battles and captures of the Revo- 
lutionary "War, tabulated in chronological order,. 

were: 

1775. 

1. Battle of Lexington, April 19 — Americans 
victorious. British commander, Pitcairn ; Ameri- 
cans, none. 

2. Capture of Ticonderoga, May 10 — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Allen ; British, 
DeLaplace. 

3. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17 — Americans 
defeated. American commander, Prescott ; British, 
Howe. 

4. Attack on Queb.ec, December 31 — Americans 

*The Territories of the United States at present (1881), are as 
follows: Utah, Washington, Arizona, New Mexico, Idaho, Mon- 
tana, Wyoming, Dakota, Alaska, and Indian Territory. {See Map 
of Territorial Growth). 



160 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

defeated. American commanders, Montgomery and 
Arnold; British, Carleton. 

1776. 

1. Boston Evacuated, March 17, by the British. 
American commander, Washington ; British, Howe. 

2. Bombardment of Fort Moultrie, June 28 — 
British repulsed. American commander, Moultrie ; 
British, Clinton. 

3. Battle of Long Island, August 27 — Ameri- 
cans defeated. American commander, Washington ; 
British, Howe and CMinton. 

4. Battle of White Plains, October 28— Ameri- 
cans defeated. American commander,Washington ; 
British, Howe. 

5. Battle of Trenton, December 25 — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Washington ; 
Hessians, Hahl. 

1777. 

1. Battle of Princeton, January 3 — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Washington ; 
British, Cornwallis. 

2. Battle of Bennington, August 16 — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Stark ; British, 
Baum. 

3. Battle of the Brandywine, September 11 — 
Americans defeated. American commander, Wash- 
ington ; British, Cornwallis and Clinton. 

4. Battle of Germantown, October 4 — Ameri- 
cans defeated. American commander, Washington ; 
British, Howe. 

5. First Battle of Saratoga, September 19 — Amer- 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 161 

icans victorious. American commander, Gates ; 
British, Burgoyne. 

6. Second Battle of Saratoga, October 7 — Amer- 
icans victorious. American commander. Gates; 
British, Burgoyne. 

1778. 

1. Battle of Monmouth, June 28 — Neither army 
victorious. American commander, "Washington; 
British, Clinton. 

2. Massacre at Wyoming, July 3 — by Tories and 
Indians. Butler and Brandt conducted the slaugh- 
ter. 

3. Massacre at Cherry Valley, November 17 — 
Tories and Indians. Butler and Brandt conducted 
the slaughter. 

4. Savannah Captured, December 29, by the Brit- 
ish. American commander, Robert Howe; British, 
Gen. Campbell. 

1779. 

1. Capture of Stony Point, July 25, by the Amer- 
icans. American commander, Wayne; British, Col. 
Johnson. 

2. Capture of Paulus Hook, July 19, by Amer- 
icauB. American commander, Maj. Lee; British, 
Sutherland. 

3. Attack on Savannah, September — Americans 
repulsed. American commander, Lincoln ; British, 
Prevost. 

4. Paul Jones's Naval Battle, September 23 — 
Americans victorious. American commander, Paul 
Jones; British, Pearson. 

11 



162 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

1780. 

1. Capture of Charleston, May 12 — by the Brit- 
ish. American commander, Lincoln ; British, Corn- 
wallis. 

2. Battle of Camden, August 16 — Americans 
defeated. American commander, Gates; British, 
Cornwallis. 

3. Battle of King's Mountain, October 7 — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, Colonel 
Campbell ; British, Ferguson. 

1781. 

1. Battle of the Cowpens, January 17 — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, Morgan; 
British, Tarleton. 

2. Battle of Eutaw Springs, September 8 — 
Americans victorious. American commander, 
Greene; British, Cornwallis. 

3. Siege of Yorktown, Surrender of Cornwallis, 
October 19 — American commander, Washington; 
British, Cornwallis. 



RECAPITULATION 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN PART III 

(the REVOIiUnONAKY PERIOD.) 

1765. " The Stamp Act " passed by Parliament. 

1766. "The Stamp Act" repealed by Parliament. 
1770. "Boston Massacre" took place, March 5th. 
1772. The Gaspee destroyed (summer). 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 163 

1773. Tax on Tea resisted at Boston. 

1774. " Boston Port Bill" passed by Parliament. 
1774. ''Mutiny Act" passed by Parliament. 

1774. First Continental Congress at Philadelphia, 

September 5th. 

1775. Battle of Lexington, fought April 19th. 
1775. North Carolina declared her independence,. 

May 2d. 
1775. Ticonderoga captured by Ethan Allen,. 

May 10th. 
1775. Second Continental Congress, at Philadelphia,. 

May 10th. 
1775. Washington elected Commander-in-chief, 

June 15th. 
1775. Battle of Bunker Hill, fought June 17th. 

1775. Montgomery and Arnold repulsed in Canada, 

December 81st. 

1776. Boston Evacuated, March 17th. 

1776. British repulsed at Fort Moultrie, June 28th., 

1776. Declaration of Independence formally pro- 
claimed, July 4th. 

1776. Pardons offered by the British Government, 
July. 

1776. Battle of Long Island, Americans defeated, 
August 27th. 

1776. Battle of White Plains, Americans defeated, 
October 28th. 

1776. Washington made a famous retreat through 
Jersey, ISTovember. 

1776. Hessians defeated at Trenton, December 25th. 

1777. British defeated at Princeton, January 3d. 
1777. Kew Jersey evacuated by the British, (spring). 



164 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1777. "Stars and Stripes" adopted as national flag, 
June 14th. 

1777. Bennington — British defeated, August 16th. 

1777. Brandywine — Americans defeated, Septem- 
ber 11th. 

1777. Germantown — Americans defeated, Oct. 4th. 

1777. Saratoga — Burgoyne defeated, September 
19th and October 7th. 

1777. Saratoga — Burgoyne surrendered, Oct. 17th. 

1777. Articles of Confederation adopted, November. 
1777-78. Washington's Army wintered at Valley 

Forge. 

1778. American Independence recognized byFrance. 
1778. French fleet arrives to aid America, (spring). 
1778. Monmouth — neither army victorious, June 

28th. 

1778. Massacre at Wyoming by Tories and Indi- 
ans, July 3d. 

1778. Massacre at Cherry Valley by Tories and In- 
dians, November. 

1778. Savannah captured by British, December 29th. 

1779. Americans and French repulsed at Charles- 

ton, (spring). 
1779. Stony Point captured by Anthony Wayne, 

July 15th. 
1779. Paulus Hook captured by Americans, July 

19th. 
1779. Paul Jones captured the Serapis, Sept. 23d. 

1779. Americans and French repulsed at Savannah, 

September. 

1780. Charleston taken by Cornwallis, May 12th. 
1780. Camden — Americans defeated, August 16tb. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 165 

1780. King's Mountain — British defeated, October 
7th. 

1780. Benedict Arnold became a traitor, October 

7th. 

1781. Cowpens — British defeated, January 17th. 
1781. Eutaw Springs — British defeated, September 

8th. 
1781. Articles of Confederation ratified by the 

States. 
1781. Arnold burned Richmond, Va., and overran 

Connecticut. 
1781. Yorktown — Cornwallis surrendered, October 

19th. 
1783. Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, September 3d. 
1783. Florida ceded back to Spain (treaty of Paris). 
1787. Constitution framed and adopted, September 

17th. 
1787. Shay's Rebellion occurred in Massachusetts. 
1787. Northwest Territory organized. 
1789. The Constitution went into full operation. 
1789. Federal and Republican parties organized. 

Note to the Teacher. — Require the pupils to make separate 
tables of the following: American commanders mentioned in the 
Revolutionary War ; British commanders; battles gained by the 
Americans; battles gained by the British; and to recite them. 



166 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS— REVIEWED* 

The names of the various settlements established 
at the close of the Revolution (1783), recapitula- 
ted, are : 

State. Town. By Whom. Date. 

Florida <Si!. Augustine Spanish 1565 

(New Mexico) Santa Fe Spanish 1582 

Roanoke Island English (tempor'y) 1587 

Virginia Jamestown English. ...May 7, 1607 

New York Fort Manhattan Dutch 1613 

New York Albany Dutch 1615 

Massachusetts Plymouth English.. ..Dec. 21,1620 

Massachusetts Boston English... Sept. 17, 1630 

New Hampshire Portsmouth English 1623 

Maine Saco English 1623 

New Jersey Bergen Dutch 1624 

New Jersey Elizabethtmm English 1664 

Connecticut Windsor English 1633 

Connecticut Hartford English 1633 

Connecticut New Haven English 1638 

Maryland St. Mary's English 1634 

Delaware Wilmington Swedes and Finns, 1638 

Rhode Island Providence English 1636 

Rhode Island Newport English 1639 

North Carolina Edenton English 1650 

North Carolina Albemarle English 1663 

Michigan St. Mary's French 1668 

South Carolina Charleston English 1670 

Pennsylvania Philadelphia English 1682 

Arkansas Helena French 1685 

Kansas French about 1685 

Illinois Kaskashia French 1688 

Texas San Antonio Spanish 1692 

Louisiana Biloxi French 1699 

Louisiana New Orleans French 1718 

Alabama Mobile French 1702 

Mississippi St. Peter's French 1703 

Vermont Brattleboro English 1724 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 167 

State. Town. By Whom. Date. 

Indiana Vincennes French 1730 

Georgia Savannah English 1733 

Wisconsin OreenBay French 1745 

Missouri St. Genevieve French 1755 

Missouri St. Louis French 1764 

Tennessee Fort Loudon English 1756 

Tennessee Nashville English 1765 

Kentucky Harrodsburg English... .June 16, 1774 

Kentucky Louisville English 1778 

Kentucky Lexington ...English... April 17, 1779 

*Let the teacher require the pupils to recite the Table after 
the following model: Florida settled at St. Augustine, by the 
Spanish, in 1565. New Mexico settled at Santa Fe, etc., etc. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

1. Recite the list of battles and captures of the Revolutionary War. 

2. What led the French to aid the Americans? 

3. What induced the Hessians to join the British? 

4. What part did the Indians take in the struggle? 

5. Who were the Tories ? Who were the Whigs? 

6. Did the war extend west of the AUeghanies ? 

7. What is a royal government? 

■8. What were the boundaries of the. United States at the cbse of 

the Revolution? 
9. To what nation did Canada belong? — Florida? — Louisiana? — 

Tennessee and Kentucky formed what? (See Map.) 

10. In what battle was ''Mollie Stark" the watchword? 

11. In what battle did Washington bitterly rebuke a general of- 

ficer, and himself rally the troops to battle? 

12. What tea party is celebrated in history? 

13. When did a fog save the American Army? 

14. Who said "I only regret that I have but one life to give to my 

country ?" 

15. What naval commander captured his antagonist as his own 

vessel was sinking? 



168 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

16. What battle was fought and gained without a commanding 

officer? 

17. Who drafted the Declaration of Independence ? 

18. Was Washington ever wounded in battle? 

19. What army retreated at the moment of victory, because the 

fog was so dense that it could not see how successful it was ? 

20. Name some celebrated foreigners who fought for us. 

21. What rendered Valley Forge memorable ? 

22. Who were the "Green Mountain Boys?" 

23. What States are named after a king or queen? 

24. What celebrated battle did Gen. Gates have the credit of win- 

ning? Who really deserved the credit? 

25. Who said, " Surrender, in the name of the Great Jehovah and 

the Continental Congress?" 

26. What battle was fought on a Christmas morning? 

27. What British general surrendered his whole army to the Amer- 

icans on October 17th, 1777 ? 

28. Write a list of the American Generals mentioned in the Revo- 

lutionary War ; also a list of the British Generals. 

29. How many signers to the Declaration of Independence ? 

30. What signer of the Declaration had the palsy? 

31. Who signed the Declaration first? 

32. How are the States of the Union represented on our flag? 

33. Who was "Light Horse Harry?" 

34. Name the General who shot a wolf in her den by the light of 

her own eyes, and relate the circumstance. 

35. In what name did Ethan Allen demand the surrender of Ti- 

conderoga ? 

36. What reward did Arnold, as traitor, receive ? 

37. Who was " Mad Anthony ? " 

38. How many chests of tea were thrown overboard in Boston Har- 

bor ? 

39. Who was Secretary of the first Continental Congress ? Who 

was President ? 

40. When was the name United Colonies changed to United States 

of America? 

41. Who were the " Sons of Liberty ? " 

42. Relate what occurred in the Virginia Assembly, concerning 

Patrick Henry. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 169 

43. Name some of the honored members composing the First Con- 

tinental Congress. 

44. Who established the first line of post-office communication 

through the United States ? 

45. Relate some of Israel Putnam's adventures. 

46. Name some noted foreigners who fought with us in the Revo- 

lutionary War. 

47. What General justly deserves the honor of bringing about the 

defeat of Burgoyne ? 

48. Relate the anecdote of Molly Pitcher. 

49. Who commanded " the ragged regiment ? " 

50. Mention some of the efibrts made by the women of Revolution- 

ary times. 

51. Describe the surrender of Cornwallis. 

52. What was the " Navigation Act ? " What were the " Writs of 

Asskiance f " 

53. Who was the first commander-in-chief of the American army? 

54. What was the first of the original States settled, and which the 

last ? 

55. Name some " partisan patriots." 



170 



HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 



VI, 



PERIOD 



OF THE 



KEYOLUTION. 



ANALYTIC SY^^OPSIS. 

GENERAL REVIEW OF PART III 

Causes, 

Oppressive Acts, 

The Boston Massacre, 

The Tax on Tea llesisted, 

The Gaspee Affair. 

The Boston Tea Party, 

iSons of Liberty, 

Friends in EngLand, 

First Continental Congress, 

Ttipe for Liberty, 

Second Continental Congress, 

Wasliington, Commander-in-chief, 

The Hessians, 

Declaration of Independence, 

Original Thirteen States, 

Pardons, 

Washington's Retreat through N. J., 
-{ Captain Nathan Hale, 

Commissioners sent to France, 
Flag of the United States, 
Articles of Confederation, 
LaFayette, 
At Valley Forge, 

English Attempt at Reconciliation, 
Conduct of Gen. Charles Lee, 
Partisan Patriots, 
Continental Money, 
Arnold's Treason, 
The Captors of Andre, 
End of the War — Peace, 
Condition of Country after theAYar, 
Adoption of the Constitution, 
The First Two Political Parties, 
Emigration Westward, 
f The Northwest Territory, 
(^Territory Detined. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 



171 



t3J 

H 
H 

ts 

CZJ 

O 

SO' 

o 
o 

i2j 



1777^ 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 

PEEIOD OF THE KEVOLUTION— Coktioted. 

' Lexington — effect, 
■ __. Captm-e of Ticonderoga, 
l^'^i Bunker mil— effect, 

^Battle before Quebec. 

f Evacuation of Boston, 
I Bombardment of Fort Moultrie, 
1776 <! Battle of Long Island, 

Battle of White Plains— effect, 
[Battle of Trenton— effect. 

' Battle of Princeton, 
Danbury, Conn., burned, 
Battle of Bennington, 
Battle of The Brandywine, 
Battle of Gerraantown, 
First Battle of Saratoga, "I j^g'gct 
Second Battle of Saratoga, J ' 

Capture of Forts Clinton & Montgomery. 

C Battle of Monmouth, 
1778 J Massacre at Wyoming, 

I Massacre at Cherry Valley, 
[ Capture of Savannah. 

r Capture of Stony Point, 
i77Q j Attack on Savannah, 
'1 Paul Jones'b Naval Battle, 
(^Capture of Paulus Hook. 

(Capture of Charleston, 

1780 <^ Battle of Camden, 
(Battle of King's Mountain. 

r Battle of the Cowpens, 

1781 J Crreene's Petreat, 
^^'^^1 Battle of Eutaw Springs, 

l^ Siege of Yorktown. 



172 



VII 



HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

1. sPAmsir, 

2. FREN-CH, 

3. DUTCH, 

4. ENGLISH, 
L5. SWEDISH. 



SETTLEMEXTS 

to close of 

THE REVOLUTION. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



173 



PART IV. 
NATIONAL PERIOD. 

FROM THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION TO THE PRESENT TIME. 

1787—1881. 



SECTION" I. 



FROM THE CONSTITUTION TO THE CI.OSE OP THE SECOND WAR "WITH 
ENGLAND, 



1789—1815. 




" Eagle." 
OUR GOVERNMENT. 

1. A Federal Republic. — The several States of our 
country are united under one General Government, 
called a Federal Kepublic; that is, a republic in 
which several separate republics are united in one — 
E Pluribus Unum — one composed of many. 

2. Each State a Republic. — Each State is a repub- 
lic by itself; for it has a government of its own, 
and is at liberty to make laws relative to its own 



174 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATED. 

peculiar interests ; but the more general concerns 
of the nation, as the regulation of commerce, the 
declaration of war, the coining of money, etc., are 
entrusted to the General Government. 

3. The Three Branches. — The Government of the 
iJnited States consists of three branches, namely: 
The Legislative; the Executive; and the Judicial 
Power. 

4. The Le^^islative Power. — The Legislative power 
is vested in a Congress which consists of two 
branches — the Senate and the House of Kepresen- 
TATIVES. The Senate consists of two members from 
each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for 
the term of six years. The members of the House 
of Representatives are chosen for two years by the 
people of each State, according to the population. 
The number of Representatives for each State is 
allotted in proportion to its population — at present 
(1880) 1 for about 135,500. The Senate now con- 
sists of 76 members, and the House of Represen- 
tatives of 293, thus making 369 members of Con- 
gress. {See '■''After the TFar," Tojnc 6.) Congress 
meets at "Washington every winter on the first 
Monday in December to attend to the general 
interests of the nation. 

5. The Executive Power. — The Executive power 
is vested in a President and a Vice-President, as- 
sisted by five Secretaries, called Heads of Depart- 
ments, namely : The Secretary of State, the Sec- 
retary of "War, the Secretary of the Kavy, the 
Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of 
the Interior ; the Postmaster-General and the At- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 175 

TORNEY- General. These are termed the Cabinet. 
The President and Vice-President are chosen for 
four years by delegates elected by the people, 
called electors.'-^ Each State chooses as many dele- 
gates as it has members in Congress. As the 
Executive Power administers the Government, it is 
termed the Administration. Hence, we speak of 
"Washington's Administration, Jefferson's Adminis- 
tration, etc. 

6. The Judicial Power. — The Judicial Power is 
vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior 
courts as Congress may from time to time establish. 
The Supreme Court is composed of one Chief Jus- 
tice and eight Associate Justices, who hold a court 
in the city of Washington annually, commencing 

*The Presidential election takes place on the Tuesday after the 
first Monday in November, every fourth year after a President has 
been elected. Each political party nominates and votes for a cer- 
tain set of Electors, who, in case of their election, are to vote for 
the candidates of the party that elected them. On the first Wed- 
nesday in December, after the Presidential election, the Electors 
meet at the capitals of their respective States and vote by ballot for 
President and Vice President. The vote of each State is then, 
sealed and transmitted to Washington. On the second Wednesday 
of the following February the certificates of the votes thus cast by 
the Electors are opened by the President of the Senate, in presence 
of Congress, and the candidate who has received a majority of the 
whole number of electoral votes cast is declared President for the 
ensuing term. If no one has a majority, then from the three high- 
est on the list, the House of Representatives elects a President. 
The Vice-President, who is ez-officio President of the Senate, has 
the casting vote in all measures in case of a tie. To be eligible to 
the Presidency a candidate must be a native citizen and thirty-five 
years of age, and must have resided in the country for at least 
fourteen years. The President's salary is at present (1881) $50,000 
a j'^ear ; that of the Vice-President $8,000. 



176 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

on the second Monday in January ; besides which, 
each of these Justices attends in a certain circuit, 
comprising two or more districts appropriated to 
each, and, together with the judge of the district, 
composes a Circuit Court, which is held in each dis- 
trict of the circuit. The principal business of these 
courts is to expound the laws of the United States, 
and to settle all questions which arise under the 
Constitution and treaties of the United States. 
The Justices are appointed by the President, by 
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and 
hold their offices during life or good behavior. 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1789—1797. 

1. The Inaugnratiou. — The Constitution, as we 
have learned, went into operation in 1789. The 
first step was to elect the executive and legislative 
officers. "Washington was unanimously chosen first 
President of the Republic ; * and on April 30th, 

1789, he was inaugurated in the presence of a large 
concourse of people. 

He reluctantly left his quiet retreat at Mount 
Vernon to assume the arduous duties of public life. 
His journey to the seat of Government (New York) 
was a continual ovation. The people everywhere 
greeted him with tokens of honor and afiection. 

* Three States out of the thirteen did not vote, viz: New 
York, which had not passed an electoral law, and North Carolina 
and Rhode Island, which had not adopted the Constitution. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



177 



2. Washington's Cabinet. — Washington was j udi- 
cious in the selection of his officers of Government. 
He appointed Thomas Jeflerson Secretary of State ; 
Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury; 
General Knox Secretary of War; and Edmund 




George Washington. 
Randolph Attorney-General. The offices of Secre- 
tary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior, and 
Postmaster-General were not then created. 

3. Financial Affairs. — The first attention of the 
new Congress was to financial matters and the reg- 
12 



178 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ulation of commerce. An act was passed imposing- 
duties on imports and tonnage, and protecting home 
manufacture. The national debt early became the 
subject of discussion in Congress. The recom- 
mendation of Hamilton that the General Govern- 
ment assume the debts of the several States was 
acted upon. The Federal party advocated a pro- 
tective tariff and a national bank ; the Republican 
party opposed both of these. 

4. The Slavery Question. — During the first session 
of Congress the subject of slavery caused an excit- 
ing debate — "the beginning of a contention to be 
settled years after, only by the stern arbitration of 
the sword." All of the States except Massachu- 
setts at this time held slaves. {See ^^Jefferson's Ad- 
ministration," Topic 10.) 

5. Indian War. — The Indian tribes inhabiting 
the Northwest Territory were extremely hostile, 
and dread of them long retarded emigration to that 
region. Peaceful means failing, the Government 
resolved to employ force. In 1790 General IIar- 
MAR, with 1,100 men, marched against them, but 
he met with a disastrous defeat. The next attempt 
to subdue them was made by General Arthur St. 
Clair, Governor of the iN'orthwest Territory. In 
September, 1791, at the head of 2,000 men, he 
marched to the head waters of the Wabash ; but 
heedless and too confident of success, they were 
surprised by^the wily savages under Little Turtle, 
and half the soldiers were slain. The rest found 
safety in disorderly flight. 

In 1794 Gen. Wayne — "Mad Anthony" of Kev- 



NATIONAL PERIOD, 179 

olntionary fame — went against the Indians ; and in 
a desperate battle defeated and compelled them to 
make peace.* 

6. Yellow Fever. — Previous to the year 1793 this 
epidemic had been unknown in America. In Au- 
gust of that year it broke out in Philadelphia with 
such virulence that in three months, out of a popu- 
lation of 60,000, no less than 4,000 perished. The 
people were terror-stricken, and all that could de- 
serted the city.f {See also "-Hayes's Administra- 
tion;' Topic 11.) 

7. The Whisky Insurrection.— In 1791 the Gov- 
ernment imposed a duty on domestic liquors. It 
met with considerable opposition, especially in 
Pennsylvania, where, in 1794, the resistance grew 
to an open rebellion, known as the " Whisky In- 
surrection." J Upon the approach of a force sent 
by Washington, the insurgents yielded. 

* By the treaty made with the Indians, they gave up all of 
what is now Ohio and part of Indiana. "Mad Anthony Wayne'* 
was long remembered by the Indians of the west. He is said to 
have told them that if they ever violated their treaty, he would 
rise from his grave to fight them. The frontier for years thereafter 
enjoyed a security which it had never before known. Wayne died 
in December, 1796, while on board of his vessel on Lake Erie, and 
was buried at Presq' Isle, now Erie. 

tThe illustrious Dr. Benjamin Eush, whose medical works 
are yet studied with profit, was eminently successful in his treat- 
ment of this terrible scourge. He was one of the signers of the 
Declaration of Independence, and was distinguished alike as a pat- 
riot and a man of letters. He died in 1813. 

J The people in Pennsylvania had been encouraged to open 
insurrection by the course of Mr. Genet {je-nw/), the agent of 
tlie revolutionary party in France, " whose arrival in America had 
been the signal for the organization of democratic societies hostile 
to government, on the plan of the Jacobin clubs of Paris." 



180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

8. Foreign Relations. — A miglity revolution in 
France had overthrown monarchy and made that 
nation a Republic. The Republicans — or Demo- 
crats — as they now began to be called, warmly 
sympathized with the French revolutionists. On 
the other hand the Federalists were desirous of 
preserving and promoting friendly relations with 
Great Britain. John Jay * was sent (1795) to ne- 
gotiate a treaty, which was ratified by Congress by 
a small majority, f France, being at war with 
England, considered this treaty unfair, in view of 
the services she had rendered in the struggle for 
American Independence. 

* John Jay was one of the most celebrated statesmen of his 
time. After graduating at college, he studied law, pursuing his 
profession until the rupture with England, when he took a deep 
interest in the questions at issue, and soon became prominent as a 
politician. In 1778 he was president of the Continental Congress, 
and the following year he was appointed minister to Spain. Afte 
his return from Great Britain to negotiate the treaty of peace, he 
was appointed secretary of foreign affairs. Washington, while 
President, appointed him Chief-Justice of the United States, — 
being the first to hold that position. He was afterward elected 
governor of New York, and though urged to be a candidate for 
another term, he declined ; he also refused the appointment to his 
previous position of chief-justice, preferring to pass the remainder 
of his life in quiet retirement. 

fMany difBculties beset the new government. " The treasury 
was empty, and the United States had no credit. Pirates from the 
Barbary States attacked our ships, and American citizens were 
languishing in Algerine dungeons. Spain refused us the naviga- 
tion of the Mississippi ; England had not yet condescended to send 
a minister to our government, and had made no treaty of com- 
merce with us." In 1795, however, by treaty with Spain, the 
United States secured the free navigation of the Mississippi, and 
the boundary of Florida — still held by that nation — was fixed. A 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 181 

9. Washington's Retirement. — Washington was 
twice elected President. On the 4th of March, 1797, 
he retired from office, having previously published 
his " Farewell Address " to his fellow citizens. This 
document was univer3ally read, and its value has 
scarcely diminished with the lapse of time. 

10. Death of Washington — His Character. — On the 

14th of December, 1799, Washington, after a brief 
illness, died at Mount Vernon, in the 67th year of 
his age. 

" In personal appearance, Washington was over 
six feet in height, robust, graceful, and perfectly 
erect. His manner was formal and dignified. He 
was more solid than brilliant, and had more judg- 
ment than genius. He had great dread of public 
life, cared little for books, and had no library. 
Calm in defeat, sober in victory, commanding at 
all times, but irresistible when aroused, he exercised 
equal authority over himself and his army. He 
was a consistent Christian, and a regular attendant 
of the Episcopal Church, of which he was a com- 
municant." 

Washington left no children. It has been beau- 
tifully said, "Providence left him childless, that 
his country might call him Father." 

11. Seats of Government — District of Columbia. — 

New York City was the first seat of our Govern- 
ment; thence it was transferred to Philadelphia; 
and in 1800 it was removed to Washington City, in 

treaty was also made with Algiers, by which our captives were re- 
leased, and American vessels were permitted to trade on the Med- 
iterranean. 



182 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the District of Columbia. The District of Colum- 
bia was formerly ten miles square, given to the 
United States in 1790, by Maryland and Virginia, 
for the purpose of a National Capital. In 1800 it 
became the seat of the General Government and 
the residence of the President and other executive 
officers of the nation. In 1846, by an act of Con- 
gress, the part given by Virginia was restored to 
that State. Consequently, the District is now con- 
fined to the Maryland side of the Potomac, and 
contains sixty-four square miles. 

The government of the District is peculiar. The 
legislative power is retained by Congress, the execu- 
tive is vested in three Commissioners, appointed by 
the President, and the judicial in a Supreme Court, 
a Circuit, a Criminal and a District Court. An 
appeal lies to the Supreme Court of the United 
States. There is no representation in Congress, 
and the people have no vote in national elections. 
The present form of government was adopted in 
June, 1878. 

12. Invention of the Cotton Gin.— In 1793 the Cot- 
ton Gin was invented by Eli "Whitney. This gave 
a new impetus to the cultivation of cotton, and was 
a boon of great value to the South. Defore the in- 
vention of this machine it was so difficult to cleanse 
eotton that the cultivation of it was very limited. 

13. The First States Admitted. — During Washing- 
ton's administration the following named States 
having, respectively, sufficient population, became 
members of the Union : 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 183 

Vermont was admitted as the fourteenth State, 
March 4, 1791. 

Kentucky was admitted as the fifteenth State, 
June 1, 1792. 

Tennessee was admitted as the sixteenth State, 
June 1, 1796. 

14. Settlement of These States. — Vermont, deriving 
its name from two French words — verd, green, and 
m.ont, mountain — was settled at Brattleboro in 1724 
by people from Connecticut and Massachusetts. 
During the Revolution and before, it formed a part 
of New Hampshire, and was not therefore one of 
the Original States. 

Kentucky — Meaning the "Dark and Bloody 
Ground," because of the bloody encounters among 
Indians* — was formerly a part of Virginia, and 
was first visited by Daniel Boone, f the great hun- 
ter, in 1769. The first settlement was made at 
Ilarrodsburg, June 16th, 1774. Louisville was set- 
tled in 1778, and Lexington in 1779. 

*Kentucky was, by a common understanding — if not by an en- 
forced consent — literally the vast hunting ground of the universal 
Indian race — qualified by the fact that when parties of savages 
upon the war path chanced to meet, the conflicts were so instant, 
fierce and pitiless that Kentucky became known as The Dark and 
Bloody Ground. — Collins's History of Kentucky. 

tDaniel Boone was born in Pennsylvania. When but a youth 
his father removed to North Carolina, and from there Daniel began 
lo explore Kentucky, then a vast wilderness. He was employed 
in hunting and trapping. He had many encounters with the In- 
dians and was captured three times, but by ingenious expedients 
made his escape. He held several government offices, and founded 
Boonsborough, Ky. His wife and daughter were the first white 
■women that stood on the banks of the Kentucky river. He received 



184 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Tennessee — which derives its name from the Ten- 
nessee river — an Indian word meaning "The river 
with a great bend" — was settled at Fort Loudon^ 
thirty miles from the present site of Knoxville, in 
1756. The State was originally a part of North 
Carolina, from which it was separated in 1789, 
Nashville was founded in 1765. Kentucky and 
Tennessee were carved from the " Territory South 
of the Ohio River." {See Map of Territorial Growth.), 



JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1797—1801. 

1. Inauguration. — On March 4th, 1797, John Ad- 
ams, Federalist, was inaugurated second President. 
His opponent in the race was Thomas Jefterson^ 
Republican (or Democrat), who, however, became 
Vice-President. 

2. John Adams. — Adams was of Massachusetts. 
It was mainly through his influence that the Declar- 
ation of Independence was adopted. He was an 
able lawyer and a good writer. He made a greater 
reputation, however, as Congressman than as Pres- 

a large tract of land from the Spanish government for his services^ 
but lost it by not proving his title. Fearless of danger, though 
continually exposed to it, his life was one of thrilling adventures. 
He was mild and unboastful, and never uttered a coarse word nor 
did a rude act. He was benevolent, kind hearted, liberal and hon- 
est. He died in Missouri in 1820 at the age of 89. In 1845 his 
remains were removed to Frankfort, Ky., and reinterred with ap- 
propriate ceremonies. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



185 



ident. He was Vice-President duriug Washing- 
ton's Administration. 

3. Difficulties with France. — During this adminis- 
tration a war with France was threatened, and 




John Adams. 

"Washington was again appointed commander-in- 
chief (1797).* Napoleon Bonaparte, however, hav- 
ing assumed control of affairs in that country, and 
having his ambition turned in another direction, 

* Washington died before the difficulties were adjusted (1799). 



186 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

war was obviated.* (See note to Topic 3, ^^Jefferson's 
Administration") 

4. Alien and Sedition Laws. — " Owing to the vio- 
lent denunciations of the Government by the friends 
and emissaries of France, the alien and sedition laws 
were passed. Under the former the President could 
expel from the country any foreigner whom he 
deemed injurious to the United States; under the 
latter, any one libelling Congress, the President, or 
the Government, could be lined and imprisoned." 
This was a most unpopular measure, and excited 
the bitterest feeling. 

These laws defeated Adams for a second term, 
and became null and void. 

* The French Directory had refused to receive the United 
States Minister appointed by Wasliington. Three special envoys 
■were now sent to Paris ; but an official reception was denied them 
also, "unless they would pledge their country to a loan, and bribe 
the individual members of the Directory." The envoys disdained 
these insulting proposals. " Millions for defense, but not one cent 
for tribute" was the reply of Charles C. Pinckney, one of the 
envoys, and these words became the rallying cry of the party op- 
posed to the French. The United States flag was also insulted on 
the ocean, and a number of vessels were captured by French cruis- 
ers. These outrages were gallantly resented by Captain Truxton 
and a few brave seamen. During the Kevolution he had taken 
many prizes from the British, and was now one of the six captains 
of the infant navy. "While cruising in the frigate Constellation, lie 
fell in with the French vessel L' Insurgente [lang-soor-zhout^), which 
surrendered after a spirited action. He next encountered the 
French frigate La Vengeance [lah-vong-zhous' ) , and silenced her after 
a, fight of five hours. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



187 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1801—1809. 

1. Election and Inauguration. — The Republicans 
in the election of 1800 nominated Thomas Jeffer- 
son for President, and Aaron Burr for Vice-Presi- 




Thomas Jefferson. 

dent. The Federalists nominated John Adams and 
Charles C. Pinckney. The former ticket was 
elected, and on the 4th of March, 1801, Jefferson 
was inaugurated third President. 



188 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

When the electoral votes were counted, it was 
found that Jefterson and Burr were in advance of 
the other candidates, both having the same num- 
ber. This threw the election into the House of 
Representatives, which gave the Presidency by one 
vote to Jefterson and made Burr Vice-President.* 

2. Thomas Jefferson. — Jefterson was re-elected at 
the end of his first term and so held the office till 
March, 1809. He was a Virginian, a ripe scholar,, 
and possessed the most varied accomplishments. 
He was the author of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence and the founder of the Democratic party, f 

3. Purchase of Louisiana. — tl^i 1803 President 
Jefterson purchased from France the Territory of 
Louisiana, paying therefor $15,000,000. This vast 

* Previous to the election of 1804 each elector voted for two 
candidates for President; the one receiving the highest number of 
votes, if a majority, was declared elected President'; and the next 
highest, Vice-President. 

t As President, Jefferson cultivated the extreme of republican 
simplicity. His style and demeanor were unostentatious, and on 
his inauguration day, he rode alone to the Capitol, tied his hori?e 
to the fence, which then surrounded it, and entered unattended, 
reading his fifteen minutes' address, and retiring in the same sim- 
ple manner. 

t This vHst domain had just been ceded by Spain to France, 
and Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of the French, intended to 
establish at the mouth of the Mississippi a strong military colony, 
conveniently situated for encroaching on the neighboring territo- 
ries of Great Britain, Spain, and the United States. Circumstances, 
however, changed his plans, and having his ambition turned to an 
invasion of the British Isles, he decided to sell Louisiana to the 
United States. One-third of the purchasing price was allowed as 
an indemnity for injuries committed by the French on our com- 
(merce. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 189 

region then comprised all the country west of the 
Mississippi, except the present States of Texas, 
California, and JSTevada, and the Territories of 
Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona; which then 
formed a part of Mexico and belonged to that 
country till the Mexican War (1848). {See Map 
showing Territorial growth of the United States.) 

4. War with Tripoli. — The Tripolitans, people 
of Tripoli {trip' -o-lee), one of the Barbary States, on 
the northern coast of Africa, were noted pirates, 
and had for a long time been the terror of the 
Mediterranean. They required all vessels to pay 
tribute as exemption from depredations. The Uni- 
ted States, in common with the nations of Europe, 
had paid this tribute; but now (1801) the Governor 
of Algiers becoming more exorbitant in his de- 
mands, the Americans determined to put a stop to 
this insolence. War was declared against the Bar- 
bary States, and Commodore Decatur* with a 
squadron, was sent to humble them. This he did 
in several severe naval battles, though peace was 
not finally established till 1805. The pirates were 
so much punished that they were glad to let Ameri- 
can commerce alone. 

5. Ohio Admitted Into the Union. — During this 

*Cominodore Stephen Decatur entered the navy at the age of 
twenty, and the war with Tripoli brought him into prominent no- 
tice. He was at once promoted to a captaincy, and in the war of 
1812 was made a commodore. His greatest victory was the cap- 
ture of the Macedonia (see Events of 1812, Topic 3 and note), for 
which Congress voted him a gold medal. Decatur was killed in a 
<luel with Commodore Earrow in 1820. 



190 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Administration Ohio was admitted as the seven- 
teenth State, February 19th, 1803. 

Ohio — Which is an Indian word for "Beautiful 
River" — was settled at Marietta in 1788 — by a 
colony of Kew Englanders led by General Rufus 
Putnam. Cincinnati — first called Fort "Washing- 
ton — was founded in 1789. Ohio was the first State 
formed out of the Northwest Territory. (See Map 
of Territorial Growth.) 

6. The Hamilton-Burr Duel.— On July 11th, 1804, 
Alexander Hamilton was killed in a duel by Aaron 
Burr, the Vice-President, at Weehawken, New 
York. Burr was the challenger. The difliculty 
grew out of political difi'erences.* 

7. Burr's Conspiracy. — Burr was ever after loathed 
by his countrymen. He was afterwards engaged 
in a wild scheme to establish an independent em- 
pire, either in Mexico or in the West.f His de- 

*Hamilton had attained the highest eminence in the profes- 
sion of law. Burr was his rival both in law and politics, and was 
a man of great talents but little principle. While still Vice- 
President, Burr ran for Governor of New York, but was defeated 
by a large majority, owing, in a measure, to Hamilton's influence. 
This led to the duel. On the very spot where Hamilton fell his 
eldest son had shortly before been killed in a duel. Hamilton's 
death produced a profound sensation. Few men have shown with 
greater brilliancy in our country ; few have been gifted with a 
more powerful eloquence, or have been more justly respected for 
their talents or attainments. Men of all parties had felt that 
" whoever was second, Hamilton must be first." 

tHe partially unfolded his plans to General Wilkinson, whom 
he endeavored to interest in his scheme, but Wilkinson revealed 
the information to the President. Burr was thence closely watched. 
"On a beautiful island in the Ohio, near Marietta, an Irish exile 
named Blen-nek-has^-set had erected an elegant mansion, which 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 191 

signs were, however, frustrated by the Government. 
He was tried for conspiracy a^^ainst the United 
States, but, for want of sufficient evidence, he was 
acquitted. He defended his own case with power- 
ful argument. His pohtical career, however, was- 
ended. The remainder of his life was passed in 
obscurity. 

8. Expedition of Lewis and Clarke. — In 1804 Jef- 
ferson sent Captain Lewis and Lieutenant Clarkk 
with a party of thirty-five soldiers and hunters to 
cross the Rocky Mountains and explore the con- 
tinent as far as the mouth of the Columbia river. 
After an absence of more than two years, having 
traveled more than 6,000 miles among savage 
tribes and wild beasts, they returned with the loss- 
of only one man. They published a book of their 
adventures, which is exceedingly interesting. 

9. Indian Policy. — During Jefierson's administra- 
tion the difficult Indian question was settled nearly 
as it has since remained. The policy was to pur- 
chase their lands, excepting what they would them- 
selves cultivate, the object being to lead them 
to agriculture instead of war and hunting; and 

he and his accomplished wife had rendered a center of attractioa 
to people of refinement throughout the neighboring country. Burr, 
who was a man of fascinating manners, gained admission to this 
paradise and induced its owner to participate in his schemes. The 
lovely island soon became the chief resort of the conspirators, and 
Burr remained there till he had completed his plan of operations. 
After his departure, the authorities of Virginia sent an officer to 
arrest Blennerhasset. He was received by the high-spirited mis- 
tress of the island, who, with a pistol in each hand, ordered him 
to depart on pain of instant death. The officer deemed it pru- 
dent to retire, and Blennerhasset made good his escape." Blenner- 
hasset's complicity in this treasonable enterprise wrought his ruin. 



192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

to effect, in time, their removal west of the Missis- 
sippi. 

10. The First Steamboat.— In 1807 Robert Ful- 
ton, an ingenious American, built the first steam- 
boat applied to successful use. She was run on 
the Hudson from New York to Albany, and was 
named the " Clermont." The idea of navigation 
by means of steam was ridiculed, but Fulton's in- 
vention was a perfect success.* The Clermont plied 
for some years between New York and Albany — a 
distance of 160 miles. Before this the passage had 
been made in sloops, and required from six to ten 
days. The Clermont performed it in thirty-six 
hours — at the rate of about four and a half miles 
per hour.f The first steamboat on western waters 
was in 1811. 

11. Slave Trade Abolished. — During the last year 
of Jefierson's Administration — in 1808 — the Afri- 
can slave trade was abolished by the Government. 
The New England States had already disposed of 
their slaves to the Southern States, where they 
were worked upon the large plantations. 

* The first steamship that crossed the Atlantic was the Savan- 
nah^ in 1819. The idea of navigation by means of steam power 
wag first conceived by John Fitch, a Kentuckian, who in 1787, 
1788^ and 1789 built several small boats, which had temporary 
success. A committee of the New York Legislature, after a thor- 
ough investigation, decided that the boats built by Livingston and 
Fulton (several years after Fitch's death) were in substance the 
invention patented by John Fitch. 

t After the success of the Clermont, Fulton's reputation was 
world-wide. His first application of steam jiower for propelling 
boats was on the Seine, in 1803, but the experiment was not a suc- 
cess. He built many river steamboats, and constructed the first 
United States steam war vessel. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



193 



MADISON 'S ADMINISTBA TION. 
1809—1817. 

1. Election and Inauguration. — The Democrats 
elected James Madison as fourth President, and on 
March 4th, 1809, he was duly inaugurated. He 
was re-elected in 1812, thus serving eight years. 




James Madison. 

His Administration was distracted by political con- 
tests and shaken by war. The principal events 
were a war with the Indians of the northwest and 
the Second war with England, usually styled "The 
War of 1812." 

2. James Madison. — He was one of the strono^est 
13 



194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

advocates of the Constitution when it was under 
discussion in Congress in 1787. lie drafted the 
famous " 1798-'99 Kesohitions," enunciating the 
doctrine of " State Rights," which, with the accom- 
panying report in their defense, have been the 
great text-book of the Democratic party. 

3. Indian War — Battle of Tippecanoe. — British 
emissaries aroused the Indians to war. A confed- 
eracy of the northwestern tribes was formed by the 
famous chief Tecumseii. {See note to Topic 11,. 
'■^Events of 1813"). The war was terminated by 
Gen. Harrison's victory at the battle of Tippe- 
canoe, Indiana, November 7th, 1811. 



THE WAR OF 1812. 

1812—1815. 

4. Causes. — England and France were at war.. 
England forbade all neutral vessels to trade with 
France, excepting such as paid tribute to the Brit- 
ish. Napoleon, Emperor of the French, decreed 
that all ships that paid such tribute should be 
liable to confiscation by the French. Thus the 
commerce of the United States was in great dan- 
ger of being destroyed. 

England claimed the right to search American 
vessels for British deserters; and, in many in- 
stances, American sailors were taken for deserters 
and impressed into the British service.* It is said 

* In June, 1807, the frigate Chesapeake was attacked by the 
British ship Leopard. After a short fight, the Chesapeake hauled 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 195 

that upwards of 6,000 men were forced to enter the 
British navy. The American doctrine was that a 
forei.:^ner could be naturaHzed and thus become au 
American citizen, enjoying all the privileges of 
such. The British doctrine was "Once an English- 
man, always an Englishman." The contest was for 
"free trade and sailors' rights." 

In 1811 an encounter took place between the 
United State frigate President and the British sloop 
of war Little Belt, in which several men were killed. 

Great Britain continuing her depredations upon 
American commerce, Congress declared war, June 
18th, 1812. 



EVENTS OF 1812. 

1. General Hull's Surrender. — The first military 
operations were disastrous to the Americans. Gen. 
William Hull, Governor of Michigan Territory, 
invaded Canada with an army of 2,000 men; but 
his incapacity was such that he quickly abandoned 
the undertaking and retreated to Detroit, withia 
the American lines, where, without firing a gun, 
he surrendered his whole army, August 15th.* 
This was a bitter disappointment to the brave sol- 
down her colors. The officers of the Leopard came aboard and car- 
ried away three American citizens, who had escaped from a Brit- 
ish vessel upon which they liad been forcibly impressed. 

* General Hull was cashiered for his disgraceful and cowardly 
conduct ; and, but for liis services in the Revolutionary War, and 
his advanced age, he would have been shot. 



196 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



dlers, who anticipated a victory and were eager, for 
the fray.* 

2. Mackinaw and Queens- 
town. — The important 
post of Mackinaw in the 
meantime had been sur- 
prised and taken by the 
British; and an attempt of 
the ITevv York militia to 
invade Canada from the 
Niagara frontier proved un- 
successful in the battle of 
Queenstown, October 13th. 

3. Victories on the 
Ocean. — But these disas- 
ters on land were fully com- 
pensated by the unexpected 

Niagara Frontier, 1812. 

* General Hull drew up his men in order of battle ; then, while 
they were impatient for the fight, ordered them to retire to the 
fort. The indignation of the army broke forth, and all subordina- 
tion ceased. They crowded in, and without any order from the 
general, stacked their arms, some dashing them with violence upon 
the ground. " Many of the soldiers wept, and even the women 
were angry at such apparent cowardice." In his official report. 
Gen. Hull endeavored to exonerate himself, by setting forth the 
inferiority of his force, compared with that of the enemy ; and also 
the danger which threatened him from numerous western tribes of 
Indians, who were swarming in the neighboring woods, ready, in 
case of his defeat, to rush to the indiscriminate slaughter of the 
Americans. Whether these views justified the surrender or not, 
the public mind was wholly unprepai-ed for a disaster so mortify 
ing. 




NATIONAL PERIOD. 197 

and brilliant success of the American navy.* On 
the 13th of August the iirst naval victory of the 
war was achieved — the United States sloop of war 
Essex, Captain Porter, falling in with and captur- 
ing the British sloop of war Alert, after an action of 
eight minutes. This engagement took place off the 
Grand Bank of Newfoundland. 

On the 19th of August the United States frigate 
Constitution, Captain Isaac Hull (nephew of Gen. 
Wm. Hull), captured the British frigate Giicrriere 
{gare-e-are'), Captain Dacres, ofi" the Coast of Mas- 
sachusetts. 

Ou the 18th of October the United States sloop 
of war Was}^, Captain Jones, captured the British 
brig Frolic oft' the coast of ISTorth Carolina.f 

On the 25th of the same month the frigate Uni- 
ted States, Captain Decatur, captured the British 
frigate Macedoyiian oft' the Azores. f 

*The condition of the navy was better tlian that of the army. 
The situation of the United States as a maratinie and commercial 
nation, had kept it provided with seamen. The recent contest with 
Tripoli had given to the officers and men some experience in war. 
The navy, however, was small. Ten frigates, ten sloops and one 
hundred and sixty-five gunboats were all the public naval force 
which America could oppose to the thousand ships of Great 
Britain." 

tAs the American sailors leaped on board the enemy's vessel, 
they were surprised to find no person on deck except three officers 
and the seaman at the wheel. The deck was slippery with blood, 
and presented a scene of havoc and ruin. 

JWhen Captain Cabden, commander of the Macedonian, ten- 
dered his sword to Captain Decatur — who was as distinguished for 
courtesy as courage — the latter replied that he could not think of 
taking the sword of an officer who had defended liimself so gal- 
lantly, but would be happy to grasp his hand. In this action an 



198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

On December 29th the Constitaiion, Capt. Bain- 
bridge, made another capture — of the British fi'ig- 
ate Java, off' Brazil. 

During the same year the American privateers 
captured nearly 300 British vessels, many of them 
strongly manned. 

These brilliant victories humbled the proud 
*• Mistress of the Seas," — so called — and crowned 
the American navy with glory and fame. Great 
enthusiasm was aroused and confidence restored. 
Volunteer corps were formed. Madison was re- 
elected, thus stamping his war policy with popular 
approval. 

EVENTS OF 1813.* 

1 Battle of Fieiichtowu — "The Raisin."— The 

campaign of 1813 began unfavorably to the Amer- 
icans. 

On January 22d the Americans under General 

act of generosity and benevolence on the part of our brave tars de- 
serves to be recorded. " The carpenter, who was unfortunately 
killed in the conflict with the 3[acecloman, had left three small chil- 
dren to the care of a worthless mother. When the circumstance 
became known to the brave seamen they made a contribution 
among themselves to the amount of $800, and placed it in safe 
hands, to be ajipropriated to the education and maintenance of the 
orphans." 

* For the year's campaign, three armies were raised : "(1) 
the Army of the Centre, under General Dearborn, on the Niagara 
River; (2) the Army of the North, under General Hampton, along 
Lake Champlain ; and (3) the Army of the West, under General 
Harrison, of Tippecanoe fame. All three were ultimately to in- 
vade Canada. General Proctor was the British general, and Te- 
cumseh had command of his Indian allies." 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 199 

Winchester routed the enemy at Frenchtown on 
the Raisin river, in Michigan. Shortly after, Win- 
•chester's army was attacked by an arra}^ of 1,500 
British and Indians from Maiden (maiil'-den), Can- 
ada, under General Proctor. After a desperate 
struggle the Americans surrendered on condition 
that their lives and personal property should be 
safe. No sooner, however, had they given up their 
.arms than the savages fell upon them, tomahawk- 
ing and scalping the defenseless victims. The 
treacherous British General did not interfere to 
prevent these barbarities.* 

2. Capture of the Peacock. — On the 23d of Janu- 
ary — the day following the memorable action at 
the Raisin — an engagement took place between the 
Hornet, Capt. James Lawrence, and the British 
sloop of war Peacock, Capt. Peake, off the coast of 
South America. The action lasted but fifteen min- 
utes, when the Peacock struck her colors. 

3. Capture of York.— On April 27th the Ameri- 

•cans, led by General Albert Pike, attacked and 
took York, now Toronto, then the capital of Upper 
Oanada (Ontario). The gallant Pike and 200 of 
his brave men were killed at the moment of vic- 
tory, by the blowing up of the enemy's magazine 
which had been ignited by a slow match lighted 

* The soldiers thus massacred were mostly volunteers from 
prominent families in Kentucky ; many of them young men of 
fortune and property, with numerous friends and relatives. " The 
remains of these brave youth lay on the ground, beat by the storms 
of heaven, and exposed to the beasts of the forest, until the ensu- 
ing autumn, when their friends and relations ventured to gather 
up their bleaching bones, and consigned them to the tomb." 



200 HISTORY OF THE TNITED STATES. 

just before the fort was abandoned. This post 
was, however, evacuated in May. 

4. Siege of Fort Meigs. — The British under the 
notorious Proctor besieged the Americans under 
General Harrison, at Fort Meigs, Ohio, May 1st; 
but finding the place galhxntly defended, Proctor 
raised the siege and retreated to Maiden. 

5. Heroic Defense of Fort Stephenson. — August 2d,, 
Proctor with 500 British regulars and 800 Indians,, 
attacked Fort Stephenson, Ohio. This was garri- 
soned by only 150 men under Major Croghan, ai 
young man of twenty-one. The fort was so gal- 
lantly defended and such havoc made in the ene- 
my's ranks that they were compelled to retire with 
considerable loss. Croghan and his heroic little 
band received the plaudits of their admiring coun- 
trymen.* 

6. Fort (jeorge and Sackett's Harbor. — May 27tb 
the Americans under Gen. Dearborn captured Fort 
George, on the Niagara river, Canada, a British 
post defended by Col. St. Vincent, In the mean- 

* Croghan had but one cannon — a six-pounder; but, by firing 
it from different points, he made the enemy believe that he was 
well provided with artillery. A column of 350 of the British at- 
tempted to storm the fort at the north-west angle, where the brokea 
appearance of the wall invited attack. Having loaded his piece 
heavily with slugs and grape shot, Croghan placed it in an embra- 
sure carefully concealed from the enemy. While the ditch was 
filled with the approaching enemy, eager to scale the wall now but 
thirty feet distant, a sheet of flame burst from the masked cannon. 
The execution was fearful ; the ditch was filled with dead and dy- 
ing; and a galling fire of musketry from the fort completed the 
rout of the enemy. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 201 

time, Sir James Yeo learning that Dearborn had 
sailed from Sackett's Harbor, immediately made an 
assault on that place, May 29th, but was gallantly 
repulsed by Gen. Brown, a tine officer.'"^ 

7. Loss of the Chesapeake. — Capt. Broke, com- 
mander of the British frigate Shannon, challenged 
Capt. James Laavrence of the American frigate 
Chesapeake to a naval battle. Lawrence accepted 
the challenge, though his vessel was undergoing 
repairs, and many of the crew that had not been 
discharged were somewhat mutinous on account of 
not having received their pay for former services. 
The engagement, occurring June 1st, in Boston 
Harbor, was bloody and disastrous to the Chesa- 
peake, nearly all her men being cut down. Capt. 
Lawrence was mortally wounded, and in his expir- 
ing moments exclaimed : " Don't give up the ship ! " 
The British boarded her, and the}^, not the Ameri- 
cans, lowered her colors. 

8. Slaughter at Fort Mininis. — August 30th the 
Creek Indians, incited by the vigilant Tecumseh, 
fell upon the defenseless garrison of Fort Mimms, 
on the Alabama river, slaughtering the women and 
children. This horrid butchery was avenged March 
27th, 1814, by Gen. Andrew Jackson, who marched 
into the Creek country, and in a desperate battle at 
a place called Horse Shoe Bend defeated them with 
great slaughter. The remnant were glad to sue for 
peace. 

* Throughout the war, Geu. Brown was distinguished for great 
bravery and military skill, receiving from Congress a gold medal 
and a vote of thanks. Before the close of the war he attained the 
chief command. 



202 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

9. The Enterprise and the Boxer. — On September 
5th, Lieut. Burrows, in the Enterprise, near Port- 
land, fell in with the English vessel Boxer. The 
British had nailed their colors to the mast, so that 
they could not draw them down ; but, after an en- 
gagement of half an hour, in which both command- 
ers were mortally wounded, they cried for quarter 
and surrendered.* 

10. Perry's Victory. — The most glorious naval 
engagement of the war was the capture of a British 
fleet on Lake Erie under the command of the 
veteran Commodore Barclay, by Commodore Oli- 
ver H. Ferry, a young man of 28, who had never 
seen a naval battle.f The Americans had no navy 
on that lake, but Perry and his men went to work, 
and in a short time nine vessels with fifty-four guns 
were ready for action. The British fleet consisted 
of six vessels and sixty-three guns. 

The battle took place September 10th, and was a 
hard fought one. Perry's flag-ship, the Lawrence, 
became disabled and nearly every man on board 
killed or wounded. He therefore abandoned her, 

* Lieut. Barrows fell at the commencement of the action, but 
•continued to cheer his men, averring that the flag should never be 
struck. When the sword of the enemy was presented to liim, he 
■exclaimed, " I die contented." Capt. Blvthe of the Boxer, and 
Lieut. Burrows were buried beside each other at Portland, with 
military honors. 

t Oliver Hazard Perry served first in the navy as a midship- 
man, under his father. Although he did good service throughout 
the war, this victory was his greatest achievement, and was alone 
sufficient to make him famous. He died in 1819, of yellow fever, 
contracted while cruising on the coast of South America. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 203 

and leaping into a boat, was rowed flag in band to 
the Niagara, bis largest vessel, amidst a sbower of 
shot from tbe enemy. After reacbing the Niagara, 
the battle was renewed with increased vigor. The 
British fleet was raked right and left and '\vas 
obliged to surrender. Perry sent to General Har- 
rison, commander-in-chief of the Western army, 
tbe following laconic dispatch : " We have met the 
enemy and they are ours — two ships, two brigs, one 
schooner, and a sloop." 

11. Battle of The Thames. — October 5th General 
Harrison attacked the British under Proctor on tbe 
river Thames (temz), about eighty miles from De- 
troit. The battle was desperate on both sides. The 
enemy was totally defeated with great loss. Proc- 
tor at the head of 200 dragoons found safety in dis- 
graceful flight. The truly heroic Tecumseh * fell 
in this battle — shot, it is supposed, by Col. li. M. 
Johnson, who commanded a regiment of gallant 
Iventuckians. Upon bis death the Indians immedi- 
ately fled. This decisive battle put an end to the 
Indian war in that quarter, and virtually decided 
the conflict.f 

* " Tecumseh was the most formidable of all the Indian war- 
riors that ever fought against the United States. He was nearly 
six feet high ; liis frame was .muscular and capable of great en- 
durance. A high forehead, piercing eves, and grt^'ity of expres- 
sion, gave an air of command to his whole person. Strict morality 
and adherence to truth from his earliest years, added to talents of 
a high order and eloquence rarely equaled, m:ide him not only a 
ruling spirit among the tribes of the wilderness, but also an object 
of respect to the nation whom he opposed with undying hatred." 

t In November the army on the Niagara, under General Wil- 
kinson, made an abortive efTort to take Montreal. "An expedi- 



204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



EVENTS OF 1814—1815. 

1. Battle of Chippewa. — The Americans, under 
General Brown and Colonel Winfield Scott, gained 
a brilliant victory over the British under General 
KiALL at Chippewa, Canada, July 5th.* Some of 
Wellino-ton's boasted veterans were eno:ao;ed in this 
battle, but were severely beaten by the dashing sol- 
diers of Scott. 

2- Battle of Lundy's Lane. — Colonel Scott, on the 
25th of Jnly, in the bloodiest contest of the war^ 
gained another victory over the British under Gen. 
liiall at Lundy's Lane, Canada. The loss was 
heavy on both sides. f 

3. The British Capture Washington City. — August 
24th an army of British troops under General Boss 
captured "Washington, burned the Capitol and other 
public buildings, together with many private resi- 
dences and storehouses. They then sailed around 
to Baltimore, which they attacked September 13th, 
but were gallantly repulsed by the people of that 

tion begun in boasting met with a luimiliating check, and a loss 
of three hundred and fifty men in the battle of Chrysler's Field, 
and was abandoned." 

*It was just before the final charge at Chippewa that Colonel 
Scott uttered the words: "The enemy say that the Americans are 
good at a long shot, but can not stand the cold iron. I call upon 
you instantly to give the lie to the slander. Charge!" 

t " A battery, located on a height, was the key to the British 
position. Calling Colonel Miller to his side, the commander 
asked him if he could take it. 'I'll try, sir,' was the fearless re- 
ply. Heading his regiment, he steadily marched up the height 
and secured the coveted position. Three times the British rallied 
for its recapture, but as many times were hurled back." 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 205 

city, who rose en masse against the invaders. In 
the conflict General Ross was killed. 

During the bombardment of Fort Mclienry, at 
the entrance to the harbor, the song entitled "The 
Star Spangled Banner" was composed by Francis 
S. Key, an American who was detained on board a 
British ship. 

The people of Baltimore have erected a noble 
monument to the memory of the brave men who 
fell in the defense of the city. This, with one to 
the memory of Washington, has given to Balti- 
more the name of " Monumental City.'' 

4. Battle on Lake Chainplaiu. — General Prevost, 
commander of the British army in Canada, learn- 
ing that 1,500 American troops were stationed at 
Plattsburg, New York, on Lake Champlain, took 
12,000 veteran soldiers who had served under AVel- 
lington in the war with Napoleon, and marched 
against the place. At the same time, September 
11th, the British fleet on Lake Champlain, in com- 
mand of Commodore Bownie, assailed the Ameri- 
can squadron under Commodore McBonough.* 
McDonough's squadron almost annihilated the 
British fleet, and added another brilliant victory to 
the American navy. The engagement was wit- 
nessed from the shore by thousands of people. 

*Coniniodore Thomas McDonous;h served as an officer in the 
war with Algiers, doing good service under Decatur. Congress re- 
warded his victory on Lake Champlain with a gold medal, and 
various cities and towns received him with civic honors. Vermont 
bestowed upon him a valuable tract of land overlooking the scene 
of his victory. After the war he commanded a squadron in the 
Mediterranean, and died while on board of his vessel. 



206 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The gallant little army at Plattsburg defended 
the place vigorously against the attack of Prevost's 
army, and prevented his troops crossing the Sara- 
nac river. When he found that the fleet on the 
lake had been destroyed, he fled in haste, leaving 
his sick and wounded, and large quantities of mili- 
tary stores. 

5. The Hartford Convention. — l!^e\v England suf- 
fered from the ravages of the war; her flsheries 
were mostly broken up ; her foreign commerce was 
destroyed; and her manufacturing industries were 
paralyzed. Hence, since her interests centered in 
ships and factories, delegates from the Federal 
party, in December, assembled in convention at 
Hartford, the objects of which were opposition to 
the war and the policy of the Administration. 
The leaders of the Democratic party supported the 
war policy of the government and denounced the 
purposes of the assembh', as disloyal and treasona- 
ble. As the war was popular with the masses the 
convention ruined the Federal party, which soon 
after ceased to exist. 

6. Peace — ^^Battle of New Orleans. — On December 
24th, (1814) the treaty of peace between England 
and the United States was signed at Ghent {gent), 
Belgium. The news did not reach this country till 
February 17th, 1815. Though the war had been 
popular, yet the tidings were received with univer- 
sal rejoicing. 

In the meantime (January 8th, 1815) had been 
fought the most terrible battle (to the British) of the 
war. An army of 12,000 British troops, under Gens. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 20T 

Pakenham and Gibbs, invaded Louisiana and attemp- 
ted to capture New Orleans. After considerable 
skirmishing and several small actions the Americans 
finally (Jan. 8th) intrenched themselves behind a 
breastwork of earth.* The British advanced boldly 
to the attack in perfect order. Waiting till they came 
up close to the breastwork, Gen. Jackson, f com- 
mander of the Americans, ordered his sharp-shoot- 
ers — many of whom were Kentuckians and Tennes- 
seeans — to fire. The work of death among the 
eriemy's ranks was terrible. Whole platoons were 
mowed down at every discharge. Pakeidiam and 
Gibbs were both killed. The British, now in dis- 
order and panic-stricken, retreated, leaving 2,000 
soldiers dead on the field. The American loss was 
but eight killed and thirteen wounded. 

7. Results of the Second War with England. — The 

results of this war were : 

First. The United States gained the respect of 

*Cotton bales were at first used as part breastwork, which 
seemed to answer the purpose, till a red hot shot from the British 
Bet one of them on fire and scattered its blazing fragments among 
the barrels of powder which stood ready for use. The flames were 
extinguished, but the cotton bales were taken out and a breast- 
work of earth about five feet high, having a ditch in front, with 
trusty rifles behind it, was the only defense emijloyed in the con- 
flicts that followed. 

t He was at this time 47 years of age, and is described as " a 
tall, gaunt man, of very erect carriage, with a countenance full of 
stern decision and fearless energy, but furrowed with care and anx- 
iety. His complexion was sallow and unhealthy ; his hair was 
iron-gray, and his body thin and emaciated. But the fierce glare 
of his bright hawk-like gray eye betrayed a soul which triumphed 
over the infirmities of the body." 



208 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

European nations, and the superiority of the Amer- 
ican navy was fully established. The boastful say- 
ing, "Britania rules the waves," was now disputed. 

Second. It was proved that it was impossible for 
any foreign power to gain a permanent foothold on 
our territory. 

Third. The failures of expeditions against Can- 
ada, though undertaken by brave and daring men, 
proved that the strength of the United States con- 
sisted in defensive warfare. 

Fourth. The English having cut off trade by 
blockade, extensive home manufactures were estab- 
lished, which have ever since been a source of 
wealth and prosperity. 

The evils that usually follow a war were felt, but 
the wonderful resources of the country and the 
enterprise of the people soon overcame these. 



OTHER EVENTS OF MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1. War with Algiers. — The Algerines had taken 
advantage of the war with England to renew their 
depredations on American commerce. Commodore 
Decatur, in May, 1815, was sent with a squadron 
to right matters in that quarter. Proceeding to 
Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, he obtained the liber- 
ation of American prisoners and full indemnity for 
all losses, with pledges for the future. The United 
States was the first nation to effectually resist the 
demands of the Barbary pirates for tribute. 



NATIOITAL PERIOD. 209 

2. The First National Bank.— The first bank es- 
tablished by the Government was the "Bank of 
THE United States," with a capital of $35,000,000. 
The act of Congress creating it received the Presi- 
dent's signature April 10th, 1816. It was located 
at Philadelphia. 

3. States Admitted. — The following named States 
became members of the Union during Madison's 
Administration : 

Louisiana was admitted as the 18th State, April 
8, 1812. 

Indiana was admitted as the 19th State, Decem- 
ber 11,1816. 

4. Settlement of These States. — Louisiana* — 
named in honor of Louis XIV. of France — was 
first settled at Biloxi in 1699 by the French. New 
Orleans was founded in 1718. 

Indiana — a word derived from the word Indian 
was settled at Vincennes [vin-senz') about the year 
1730. t It was the second State admitted from the 
Northwest Territory. {See Map of Territorial 
Growth). 

5. Authors of a Half Century. — The Authors of 
marked ability who fiourished during the half cen- 
tury preceding the close of the Second War with 
England were : 

Philip Freneau (fre'-no), Revolutionary poet. 

*For the extent oi Louisiana, originally, see "Jefferson's Ad- 
ministration," Topic 3 ; also see " Map of Territorial Growth." 

t The exact date of the settlement of Indiana is undetermined, 
but this date is supposed to be correct. 

14 



210 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Joel Barlow, author of the " Columbiad." 

John Marshall, author of an excellent Life of 
Washington. 

Fisher Ames, political and legal writer. 

iN'oah Webster, the lexicographer, author of 
"Webster's Dictionary." 

William E. Channing, ethical writer. 

William Wirt, legal and miscellaneous writer. 

Charles Brockden Brown, the first American 
novelist. 

Note to the Teacher. — Require the pupils to make separ- 
ate Tables of the following : Of the battles gained by the Amer- 
icans in the War of 1812 ; of battles gained by the British ; of the 
American commanders ; of the British commanders. The pupils 
should also write these tables in their blank-books. 



RECAPITULATION 

OF THE BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH 
ENGLAND. 

The various battles, sieges, and captures of the 
Second War with England, tabulated in chrono- 
logical order, were : 

1812. 

1. Naval Battle between the Essex, Commodore 
Porter, and the Alert, Capt. Langhorne, August 
13th. Americans victorious. 

2. Surrender of Gen. Hull to the British, on the 
eve of battle, August 15th. 

3. Naval Battle between Constitution, Capt. Hull, 
and the Guerriere, Captain Dacres, August 19th. 
Americans victorious. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 211 

4. Battle of Queenstown, October 13 — Ameri- 
'Cans defeated. American commander, Gen. Yan 
Renssalaer; British, Brock. 

5. Naval Battle between the Wasp, Capt. Jones, 
and the Frolic, Captain "Whinyates, October 18th. 
Americans victorious. 

6. Naval Battle between the United States, Com- 
modore Decatur, and the 31acedoman, Captain Car- 
den, October 25th. Americans victorious. 

7. Naval Battle between the Constitution, Com- 
modore Bainbridge, and the Java, Capt. Lambert, 
December 29th. Americans victorious. 

1813. 

1. Battle of Frenchtown, January 22 — Ameri- 
cans defeated. American commander, Gen. Win- 
chester; British, Proctor. 

2. Naval Battle between the Hornet, Capt. Law- 
rence, and the Peacock, Capt. Peake, January 23d. 
Americans victorious. 

3. Battle of York, April 27 — Americans victo- 
rious. American commander, Gen. Pike ; British,, 
iSheafFe. 

4. Siege of Fort Meigs, May 1 — British repulsed. 
American commander, Gen. Harrison ; British, 
Proctor. 

5. Capture of Fort George, May 27 — by the 
Americans. American commander. Gen. Dearborn ; 
British, Col. St.Yincent. 

6. Battle of Sackett's Harbor, May 29— Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander. Gen. Brown; 
British, Gen. Yeo. 



212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

7. Kaval Battle between the Chesapeake^ Capt. 
Lawrence, and the Shannon, Capt. Broke, June 1 — 
Americans defeated. 

8. Siege of Fort Stephenson, August 2 — British 
repulsed. American commander, Maj. Croghan; 
British, Proctor. 

9. Naval Battle between the Argus, Capt. Allen, 
and the Pelican, Capt. Maples, August 14 — Amer- 
icans defeated. 

10. Slaughter at Fort Mimms, August 20 — by 
Creek Indians. The British incited the Indians tO' 
the deed. 

11. ITaval Battle between the Enterprise, Lieut. 
Burrows, and the Boxer, Capt. Blythe, September 
5 — Americans victorious. 

12. Naval Battle between American fleet. Com. 
Perry, and British fleet. Com. Barclay, on Lake 
Erie, September 10 — Americans victorious. 

13. Battle of the Thames, October 5 — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Gen. Harrison ; 
British, Proctor. 

1814. 

1. Naval Battle between the Essex, Com. Porter^ 
and a British fleet, Com. Hillyar, March 28 — Amer- 
icans defeated. 

2. Battle of Chippewa, July 5 — Americans vic- 
torious. American commander. Colonel Winfleld 
Scott; British, Gen. Riall. 

3. Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25 — Arnericans 
victorious. American commander, Scott; British, 
Riall. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 213 

4. Capture of Washington City, August 24 — by 
the British. General Ross burned the CapitoL 

5. Naval Battle between American fleet, Com- 
modore McDonough, and British fleet, Commodore 
Downie, on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11th. Ameri- 
-cans victorious. 

6. Battle of Plattsburg, September 11 — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, Gen. Izard; 
British, Gen. Prevost. 

7. Battle of Baltimore, September 13 — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, General 
Strieker; British, General Ross. 

1815. 

1. Battle of New Orleans, January 8 — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander. General 
Jackson ; British, General Pakenham. 



214 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




NATIONAL PERIOD, 215 



RECAPITULATION. 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN SECTION I. 

(national period.) 

1789. Washington inaugurated first President, April 

30th. 

1790. General Ilarmar defeated by the Indians of 

the Northwest. 

1791. General St. Clair defeated by the Indians of 

the Northwest, September. 
1791. Vermont admitted as the fourteenth State, 
March 4th. 

1791. Tax levied on domestic liquors. 

1792. Kentucky admit-ted as the fifteenth State, 

June 1st. 

1793. Yellow Fever first visited United States, Au- 

gust. 

1793. Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney. 

1794. "Mad Anthony" defeated the Indians of the 

Northwest. 

1794. Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania. 

1795. Treaty with Spain — navigation of Mississippi 

granted. 

1796. Tennessee admitted as the sixteenth State, 

June 1st. 

1797. Washington retired from public life, March 

4th. 

1797. John Adams inaugurated second President, 

March 4th. 

1798. Difficulties with France, threatening war. 

1799. Washington died at Mt. Vernon, Dec. 14th. 



216 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1800. Seat of Government removed to Washington 

City. 

1801. Jefferson inaugurated third President, March 

4th. 
1801. War with Tripoli began. 
1803. Ohio admitted as the 17th State, February 

19th. 

1803. Louisiana purchased from France. 

1804. Hamilton-Burr duel — Hamilton killed, July 

11th. 

1804. Lewis and Clarke started on exploring expe- 

dition. 

1805. Jefferson re-elected President. 

1805. Tripolitans compelled to make peace. 

1807. Robert Fulton constructed the first success- 

ful steamboat. 
1807.' The Chesapeake attacked by the British ship 
Leopard. 

1808. African slave trade abolished by Government. 

1809. Madison inaugurated fourth President, March 

4th. 
1811. Battle of Tippecanoe fought, Indians de- 
feated, November 7th. 

1811. !N'aval Battle between the President and Little 

Belt. 

1812. Madison re-elected President. 

1812. Louisiana admitted as the 18th State, April 

8th. 
1812. War formally declared between United 

States and England, June 18th. 
1812. The U. S. sloop of war Essex captured British 

ship Alert, off' Newfoundland Aug. 13th. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 217 

1812. General William Hull surrendered to British 

at Detroit, August 15th. 
1812. The U. S. frigate Constitution captured the 

British frigate Guerrierc off the coast of 

Massachusetts, August 19th. 
1812. Battle of Queenstown — Americans defeated 

August 13th. 
1812. The U. S. sloop Wasp captured British brig 

Frolic off" the coast of N^orth Carolina, Oc- 
tober 18th. 
1812. The U. S. frigate United States captured the 

British frigate Macedonian off the Azores, 

October 25th. " 

1812. The U. S. frigate Constitution captured the 

British frigate Java off Brazil, Dec. 29th. 

1813. Battle of Frenchtown — Americans defeated 

— January 23d. 

1813. The U. S. brig Hornet captured the British 
sloop Peacock off the coast of South Amer- 
ica, January 23d. 

1813. York captured by the Americans, April 27th. 

1813. British repulsed at Sackett's IIarbor,May 29th. 

1813. The U. S. frigate Chesaj)eake captured by the 
British frigate Shannon off the coast of 
Massachusetts, June 1st. 

1813. British and Indians repulsed at Fort Steph- 
enson, August 2d. 

1813. Slaughter of women and children at Fort 
Mimms, by Creek Indians, August 30th. 

1813. The Enterprise captured the Boxer, Sept. 5th. 

1813. Perry gained brilliant victory on Lake Erie, 
September 10th. 



218 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1813. Gen. Harrison defeated British and Indians 

at battle of the Thames, October 5th. 

1814. The Creek Indians subdued by Gen. Jackson. 
1814. British defeated at battle of Chippewa, July 

5th. 

1814. British defeated at battle of Lundy's Lane, 
July 25th. 

1814. Washington City captured by British, Au- 
gust 24th. 

1814. British fleet captured on Lake Champlain, 
September 11th. 

1814. British repulsed at Plattsburg, Sept. 11th. 

1814. British repulsed at Baltimore, Sept. 13th. 

1814. Hartford Convention opposed the War, Dec. 

1814. Treaty of Peace signed at Ghent, Dec. 24th. 

1815. Battle of New Orleans— British defeated — 

January 8th. 
1815. News of Peace reached United States, Feb- 
ruary 17th. 

1815. Algerine Pirates subdued by the United 

States, May. 

1816. First National Bank established, April 10th. 
1816. Indiana admitted as the 19th State, Decem- 
ber 11th. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 219 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

1. State, in chronological order, the naval events of 1812. — Of 

1813.— Of 1814. {See preceding " Chronological Tabic") 

2. If there had been a telegraphic cable across the Atlantic 

during the War of 1812, would the battle of New Orleans 
have been fought? and why? 

3. What was the object of the Hartford Convention? 

4. Name the battles of this war in which the Americans were suc- 

cessful. Name those in which the British were successful. 

5. Recite, in chronological order, the events of 1812. — Of 1813. — 

Of 1814.— Of 1815. {See Table.) 

6. What terrible battle was fought after the treaty of peace had 

been made? 

7. What gave rise to the Federal and Republican (old) parties? 

8. What effect had the invention of the cotton-gin on Southern 

interests ? 

9. What influence did the invention of the steamboat exert in the 

development of the West? Why did emigrants go West? 

10. Who were the great men of the period of American Discovery ? 

11. Who were noted as founders of Settlements or States? 

12. Name some of the leading men of the South in Colonial times. 

— Of New England.— Of the Middle Colonies. 

13. Name the successive kings and queens to whom the English 

Colonies in America gave allegiance. Who was the last? 

14. Name in order the first four Presidents of the United States. 

15. What were the boundaries of the United States in 1812? 

16. When, and of whom was Louisiana purchased ? — What were 

its boundaries? {See Map). 

17. To whom did Florida then belong? 

18. Name the States in the Union in 1812. — Which were admitted 

since the adoption of the Constitution ? 

19. When did Washington City become the National Capital ? — 

What was the Capital before that time? 

20. When and by whom was the Northwest first explored? 

21. Who used the expression : " We have met the enemy and 

they are ours — two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and a 
sloop?" 

22. Whose dying words were : " Don't give up the ship ? " 



220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

23. When was a'General blown up by the explosion of a magazine, 

at the moment of victory ? 

24. What celebrated statesman was killed in a duel? 

25. What town and army were surrendered without firing a gun ? 

26. What ex-Vice-President was tried for treason? 

27. What were the "Alien and Sedition laws?" 

28. Who was the inventor of the cotton-gin ? 

29. What State was admitted first after the Original Thirteen ? 

30. What two events took place one hundred years before the 

Declaration of Independence? 

31. Name two or more events that occurred two hundred years 

before Fulton's invention. 

32. Name a discovery made three hundred years before the War 

of 1812. 

33. What troubled Massachusetts just two hundred years after 

Columbus discovered America? 

34. Who was the original inventor of the steamboat? — When did 

he construct his boat? — Was it a success at that time? 

35. In what year did the Yellow Fever first make its appearance 

in the United States? — What physician was eminently suc- 
cessful in treating it at that time? 

36. What treaty was made with Spain in 1795? 

37. How is tiie District of Columbia governed? 

38. Do territorial Congressmen have a right to vote in Congress? 

How are territorial governors elevated to office? 

39. How is the number of Representatives to which any State is 

entitled, determined ? What is the number of Representa- 
tives and Sena?tor8 at present? 

40. What is the President's salary ? The Vice-President's? Can 

a foreigner become President ? 

41. Who formed Washington's Cabinet? 

42. What is the Vice-President, ex-officio? 

43. When and by whom were the Capitol and White House burned? 

44. When was the slave trade abolished by the U. S. government ? 

45. Who discovered Burr's plot? 

46. Who was Blennerhasset ? What of his wife? 

47. What brave exi)loit was performed by Decatur? By Com. 

Oliver H. Perry ? By Com. McDonough? 

48. Who was the hero of the last battle of the War of 1812? Who 

was the hero of Lake Erie ? Of Lake Champlain ? 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



221 



49. Who wrote the '' Star-Spangled Banner, " and under what cir- 

cumstances ? 

50. What President declined re-election ? 

51. Who said, " Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute ?" 

52. What did Napoleon, at one time, intend to establish at the 

mouth of the Mississippi? 

53. Who was killed in a duel on the very spot where his son had 

shortly before been shot in a duel ? 

54. Describe Gen. Hull's surrender. 

55. Describe the massacre at the " Raisin." 

56. Who said, " I'll try, sir," when asked if he could take a bat- 

tery? 
67. Describe Gen. Jackson's personal appearance at time of the 
battle of New Orleans. 



ANALYTIC SYjN'OPSIS. 

GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTION I. 
(national period.) 

f His Cabinet, 



VIII. 

EVENTS 

from 
1789 

to 
1809. 



1 Washington's 



Administration. 



Financial Affairs, 
The Slavery Question, 
Indian War— (1791), 
Foreign Relations, 
Yellow Fever, 

-| The Whisky Insurrection, 
Washington's Retirement, 
Character of Washington, 
Seats of Our Government,, 
States Admitted, 
Their Settlement, 

[_ Invention of Cotton-Gin. 



2 John Adams's/ Difficulties with France, 
Administration, t Alien and Sedition Laws. 



'Purchase of Louisiana, 

War with Tripoli, 

The Hamilton-Burr Duel,. 

State Admitted, 
\ Burr's Conspiracy, 

Expedition to Northwest,. 

Navigation by Steam, 

Indian Policy, 
[.Slave Trade Abolished. 



3 Jefferson's 



. Administration. 



ooo 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



IX. 

EYEMS 

from 
1S09 

to 
1815. 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 

(COXTIXCED.) 

Indian War — Battle of Tippecanoe, 
The First National Bank, 
f 1. Ma(Ii$OU*S -j The Hartford Convention, 
I War with Alijiers. 
t States admitted — Their settlement. 



SECOND WAR 



ENGLAND. 



Aduiiuistratiou. 



f Causes of the War, 
fmio i Hnll's Snrrender, 
"" ~ ^ Battle of Queenstown, 
[The Three Naval Battles. 

f Battle of Frenchtown, 

I Battle of York, 
Siege of Fort ^leigs, 

I Capture of Fort George, 
jgjo I Battle of Sackett's Harbor, 

' Siege of Fort Stephenson, 
Slaughter at Fort Mimms, 
Battle of the Thames, Chrys- 
ler's Field, 

,The Five Naval Battles. 

I Battle of Chippewa, 
I Battle of Lundy's Lane, 
1Q1 I I Capture of Washington, 
^*^"^] Battle of Plattsburg, 
I Battle of Baltimore, 
[The Two Naval Battles. 



C Treat V of Peace, 
ISlo] Battle of New Orle 
( Results of the War 



ans, 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 223 



SECTION II. 

FROM THE CLOSE OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENG- 
LAND TO THE CLOSE OF THE MEXICAN WAR. 

1815—1848. 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1817—1825. 

1. Monroe Inaugurated. — In the Presidential elec- 
tion held in the autumn of 181G James Monroe, of 
Virginia, was elected by the Democrats as the fifth 
President, with Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, 
Vice-President. The inauguration took place 
March 4th, 1817. This administration was one of 
peace and prosperity to the country.* 

2. James Monroe. — James Monroe served in the 
Revolutionary War, afterward was a member of 
both Houses of Congress, Governor of Virginia, 
and Minister to France and England. He appointed 
John C. Calhoun Secretary of War, and William 
Wirt Attorney General. In the early part of his 
term Monroe made a tour through New England 
and the north-west, and was well received by the 

*During tlie latter part of 1817, the attention of the govern- 
ment was called to Amelia Island, on the coast of Florida, a ren- 
dezvous for buccaneers, who, pretending to sail under the flag of the 
South American republics, made free with whatever they found on 
the ocean. In November a body of United States troops took pos- 
session of their haunts, and soon after a similar establishment on 
Galveston Island, Texas, was also broken up. 



224 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



people. He was re-elected witliout party opposi- 
tion in 1820, thus serving two terms. 

3. Politics. — The violence of party spirit had now 
subsided, and the Federal party had been broken 




James Monroe. 

up by its opposition to the late war. All parties 
were now blended in the Democratic party. 

4. Iminigration. — For the first twenty years after 
the Revolutionary "War the average foreign immi- 
gration was about 6,000 annually ; then for ten 
years, owing to the hostile relations of England, 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 225 

France, and America, the tide of immigration was 
checked. After the War of 1812 foreign immigra- 
tion was resumed. The whole number of immi- 
grants arriving at our shores within the period em- 
braced by this section (1815-1848) was over two 
millions. From the Atlantic States thousands 
poured into the fertile valleys of the Ohio and the 
Mississippi. The West was now being rapidly de- 
veloped, and its fertile soil tilled by a hardy and 
energetic race of pioneers.* 

5. The Colonizatiou Society. — This Society was 

* " The marvelous development of the West is without parallel 
in history. It is like a tale of magic." It is difficult to conceive 
that eighty-five years ago most of the country north of the Ohio 
River was covered by forest. " St. Louis, then, as now, the largest 
town of the West, had a motley population of three or four hundred 
Creoles,Yankee traders, Kentucky adventurers, Indians, half-breeds 
and boatmen of the Mississippi. Cincinnati was but a village of 
log huts protected by the stockades of Fort Washington. Chicago 
was a small trading post on the edge of a wet prairie; and Louis- 
ville a rude hamlet in the shadow of dense woods. The region 
west of the Mississippi was almost a ien-a incognita. The time is 
within the recollection of many now living, when Tennessee, Ken- 
tucky, and Ohio had few or no roads, and no home markets; when 
cattle and hogs were driven across the mountains to Baltimore; 
when whole neighborhoods would join together and build a flat- 
boat, and ship their united produce — pork, feathers, ginseng, and 
whisky — to New Orleans, and perhaps walk home again. As late 
as 1828, the chief mode of transporting goods was by the great 
Conestoga wagons, with three, four, or six-horse bell teams. To 
the present generation, the Conestoga wagon, like the distaff and 
wheel, is a curiosity of the past. Many of the words most familiar 
to our grandfathers, such as chimney-log, hominy-block, hunting- 
shirt, bee-coursing, log-rolling, and latch-string, have become obso- 
lete, or else are used only in a figurative sense." 

15 



226 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

formed in Doeombor, 1816. Its object was to pro- 
vide a liome for free persons of color, where they 
could enjoy the rights of self-government. The 
place — selected in 1820, on the western coast of 
Africa — was named Liberia, and its capital was 
called Monrovia, after President Monroe. 

6. The Erie Canal. — The subject of internal im- 
provement now received additional attention. The 
Erie Canal — connecting Lake Erie at Buiialo with 
the Hudson at Albany — was commenced in 1817 
and iiuished in 1825. It is 3(33 miles long, forty 
feet wide, and contains eighty-three locks of solid 
masonry. Its cost was §7,500,000. 

7. The Seiiiiiioles. — The Seminoles, a powerful 
tribe of Indians on the borders of Georgia and Ala- 
bama, within the Spanish Territory (Florida), hav- 
ing become hostile and committed depredations 
on the frontier settlements, Gen. Jackson was sent 
against them. In March, 1818, he devastated their 
country and reduced them to submission. They 
afterward gave more trouble, as we shall see. {See 
"Jackson's Administration," Topic 9.) 

8. Florida Ceded to the United States.* — February 
22d, 1819, a treaty was made with Spain, by which 
the Territory of Florida (comprising the present 
State of Florida and the southern parts of Alabama 
and Mississippi) was ceded to the United States, 
for which the latter gave up all claim to Texas and 

*FIorida was under Spanish rule till 1763, when it was ceded 
to Great Britain in exchange for Cuba, which the English had re- 
cently taken from Spain. In 17S3 England ceded the province 
back to Spain. 



11 



NATIONAL PEKIOD. 227 

paid $5,000,000. (See Map of Territorial Gron-th.) 
Texas was at that time a part of Mexico under 
Spanish dominion. In 1821 Mexjco became inde- 
pendent of Spain. 

9. Monroe Doctrine. — In one of President Monroe's 
messages, he declared that " any attempt by a Euro- 
pean nation to gain dominion in America icoidd be 
considered by the United States as an unfriendly act, 
dangerous to our peace and safety, and v;ould conse- 
quently be opposed." This principle has since been 
styled " Monroe Doctrine.'"^ 

10. LaFayette's Visit.— In 1824 LaFayette, now 
an old man, visited the United States and was re- 
<3eived as the "Xation's Guest." The people, 
remembering his disinterested services in the Revo- 
lution, welcomed him with enthusiasm and honored 
the venerable patriot. He beheld with keen emo- 
tion the gigantic strides the country had taken to 
wealth and prosperity. lie visited many leading 
places of the Union, and wept at the tomb of 
Washington. {See " Erents of 1777," Topic 8.) 

11. Five More New States Admitted. — The follow- 
ing named States were admitted into the Union 
during Monroe's Administration : 

Mississippi was admitted as the twentieth State, 
December 10th, 1817. 

*The efforts of the South American provinces — subject to 
Spain — to establish their independence, prompted the advocacy of 
this principle. Through the transcendent eloquence of that great 
-tatesman, Hexry Clay, a deep sympathy for those oppressed 
provinces was aroused, and Congress, in March, 1822, passed a bill 
recognizing their independence. 



228 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Illinois was admitted as the twenty-first State^ 
December 3d, 1818. 

Alabama was admitted as tlie twenty-second 
State, December 14th, 1819. 

Maine was admitted as the twenty-third State, 
March 15th, 1820. 

Missouri was admitted as the twenty-fourth State,. 
August 10th, 1821. 

12. Settlenieut of These States. — Mississippi was 
settled at St. Peters in 1703. The word meau& 
" Great Father of Waters." 

Illinois, from its principal river, signifying " River 
of Men " — was settled at Kaskaskia in 1688. This 
was the third State admitted from the ]N'orthwest 
Territory. (See 3Iap of Territorial Growth.) Its. 
settlement was greatly impeded by Indian hostili- 
ties. 

Alabama was settled at Mobile {mo-beeV) in 1702.. 
The word is of Indian origin and signifies " Here 
we rest." It was originally a part of Georgia. 
Alabama and Mississippi were carved from the 
Mississippi Territory. {See Map of Territorial 
Growth) 

Maine was settled at Saco [saw'-ko) in 1623. {See- 
Colonial History). It was originally a part of Mass- 
achusetts. The word means mainland. 

Missouri — an Indian word signifying " Muddy 
Water" — was settled at St. Genevieve {jen-veve') 
in 1755. When the Territory of Louisiana became 
a State in 1812, the remainder of the Province was- 
named Missouri. St. Louis was founded in 1764. 

13. The Missouri Compromise. — The admission of 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 229 

Missouri was preceded b}' violent debates in Con- 
gress which agitated the whole country. The 
question was whether to admit her as a slave or as 
.a free State. A bill known as the " Missouri Com- 
promise," introduced by Henry Clay,* settled the 
difficlilty. The bill was to the effect that slavery 
should be allowed in Missouri, and in all States 
that might be formed south of latitude 36° 30', but 
should be forbidden north of this line and west of 
Missouri. This bill was passed March 3d, 1821. 
{See '■^Jackson's Administration,'' Tojnc 5 ; also ^^ Tay- 
lor and Fillmore's Administration,'' Topics 5 and 6). 

* Henry Clay — born near Richmond, Virginia, — was the son 
of a Baptist preacher, who died when Henry was but five years 
old. His mother again marrying, they removed to Kentucky. He 
■was a .self-made man, having in his boyhood had but limited ad- 
vantages for receiving tuition. He has said : " I owe my success 
in life to one single fact, namely, that at an early age I commenced, 
and continued for some years, the practice of daily reading and 
speaking the contents of .some historical or scientific book. These 
•off-hand efforts were sometimes made in a corn-field ; at others, in 
the forest ; and not unf requently in some distant barn, with the 
horse and ox for my only auditors. It is to this that I am in- 
debted for the impulses that have shaped and moulded my entire 
destiny." Adopting the law as a profession, he soon establi.shed a 
flourishing practice. In 1803, he was chosen to represent his sec- 
tion in the State Legislature, and afterward was called to fill a 
vacancy in the United States Senate. He was again elected to the 
Legislature of his State, and in 1811, he was sent to the House of 
Representatives, being made speaker on his first appearance. At 
the close of the War of 1812 — of which he was a strong advocate — 
he was sent to negotiate the peace of Ghent. He was, like Calhoun 
and Webster, an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency. He 
was Secretary of State during John Quincy Adams's Administra- 
tion. In 1848, he was again elected to the United States Senate, 
where he struggled hard to avert the great slavery contest. He 
^ied in 1852. (See Taylor and Fillmore^ s Administration, Topic 10.) 



230 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



JOHN QUINGY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1825—1829. 

1. His Election and Inauguration. — Tlie great party 
which had twice triumphantly elected Monroe was- 
now divided into the Whig and Democratic parties. 
The Whigs were in favor of a protective tariii"*' 




John Quincy Adams. 

* A protective tariff is a duty iniposeJ on imported goods for 
the purpose of encouraging their manufacture at home. "The 
Southern States, devoted to agricultural pursuits, desired to have 
foreign goods brought to them as cheaply as possible; while the 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 231 

aucl a general system of internal improvements; 
the Democrats opposed these. John Quincy Adams 
and Henry Clay were the champions of the "Whigs ; 
Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun, of the 
Democrats. No candidate receiving a majority of 
votes, the election went to the House of Represent- 
atives, where John Quincy Adams was chosen. He 
was inaugurated sixth President, March 4th, 1825, 
with John C. Calhoun as Vice-President. During 
this Administration the great questions of internal 
improvement and a protective tariff were debated 
in Congress. 

2. John Quincy Adams. — He was a son of John 
Adams, the second President. He was a scholar, 
an orator, a diplomatist, and a model legislator. 
His Administration — one term — was prosperous, 
thougVi distracted by party strife. He died Febru- 
ary 23d, 1848, of paralysis, while occupying his 
seat as a member of the House of Representatives. 

3. High Protective Tariif. — In 1828, in accord- 
ance with the views of the President, increased 
duties were laid on cotton, linen and woolen fab- 
rics, silk, iron, lead, etc. The North was of course 
benefited by this new tariff', because it prevented 
foreign goods from selling lower than those pro- 
duced at home; but Southern statesmen, including 
Calhoun, violently opposed it, as, thereby, the South 
had to pay higher rates for articles it was obliged 
to use. 

Eastprn States, engaged in manufactures, wished to have foreign 
conijietition shut off by heavy duties." Hence, sectional conten- 
tiuu. 



232 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. Free Masonry. — Free Masonry was introduced 
into this country in 1730. 

In September, 1826, William Morgan, a disrepu- 
table Mason, was mysteriously disposed of for 
threatening to reveal the secrets of the order. 
Much ill feeling toward the fraternity was mani- 
fested therefor, but now to be a " Free and Ac- 
cepted Mason " is to be honored and respected. 

5. Deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jeifei'son. — 

These two great men died on the same day — July 
4th, 1826. Jefferson expired a few hours before 
Adams; his last words were: "I resign my soul 
to my God, and my daughter to my country." The 
expiring words of Adams were: "Jefferson sur- 
vives." Jefferson did live, but it was beyond the 
tomb. 

6. The First Railroad.— In 1827 the first steam 
railway in America — the Baltimore and Ohio 
road — was constructed. There are now (1881) up- 
ward of 85,000 miles of railroad in the United 
States. 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1829—1837. 

1. Inauguration. — March 4, 1829, Andrew Jack- 
son, a staunch Democrat, was inaugurated seventh 
President, with Calhoun Vice-President. His op- 
ponent in the race was John Quincy Adams, can- 
didate of the Whigs.* 

*No choice having been made by the Electoral College, the 
choice devolved upon the House of Representatives. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



233 



2. Andrew Jackson. — Jackson was a man of de- 
termined will, which gave him the name of " Old 
Hickory." He had great energy and an intuitive 
judgment. He distinguished himself in the War 




Andrew Jackson. 

of 1812 and in battles with the Indians. He re- 
moved from office all who were his political oppo- 
nents and installed men who were of his own 
politics. His course has been generally followed 
by succeeding Presidents. He was re-elected in 



234 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1833, thus serving eight years. [See note to Topic 
6, ^''Madison's Administration") 

3. Asiatic Cholera. — In 1832 tlie United States 
was visited b}' the Asiatic Cholera, an epidemic 
that originated in the marshes of the Ganges, India,, 
in 1817. After devastating a great part of India 
it took its course westward to London in 1831^ 
then crossed the Atlantic to America. Medical 
skill seemed powerless to check its ravages. It 
disappeared towards the close of the year (1832), 
after hurrjnng thousands into eternity. It has been 
present at various times since. {See '•'■ Grant's Ad- 
ministration," Topic 16). 

4. The Black Hawk War.— The Sacs and Fox In- 
dians occupying the Territory of JS'orthern Illinois — 
land which they had years before sold to the United 
States — refused to vacate the region. Several skir- 
mishes took place between United States troops 
and these Indians under Black Hawk, their chief. 
Gen. Scott with an army was sent against them; 
and after losing many of his men by the cholera — 
raging at that time — he defeated them in a tinal 
battle, August 2d, 1832. Black Hawk was cap- 
tured, and was permitted to visit the large cities^ 
military posts, etc. He was at length allowed to 
return to his tribe, fully convinced from what lie 
had seen of the United States that it was useless 
for Indians to tight against so powerful a nation. 

5. The Nulliflers of South Carolina.— The tariff of 
1828, as we have seen, gave general dissatisfaction 
to the cotton ffrowino^ States. In South Carolina, 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 235 

especially, it was bitterly opposed by the leading 
men of the State, claiming that Congress had no 
constitutional right to pass laws for the benefit of 
one section of the country to the serious detriment 
of another. 

In 1832 Congress passed a new tariff', but it was 
as distasteful to the South as the former one. 
South Carolina made preparations to prevent, with 
arms, the enforcement of the new tariff". The 
wdiole countrj' was excited. President Jackson is 
said to have exclaimed, " By the Eternal, I'll hang 
the last one of 'em ! " The immortal Clay, who 
" would rather be right than President," warded 
off" the threatening cloud with a compromise satis- 
factory to both sections. This bill passed Congress, 
March 3d, 1833. It provided for a gradual reduc- 
tion of the duties until in ten years it should reach 
the standard demanded by the South. [See ^^Mon- 
roe\s Administration" Topic 13; also '■'■Fillmore's Ad- 
ministration,' Topics 5 and 6. 

6. Removal of the Clierokees. — The Cherokee In- 
dian nation, previous to 1834, occupied the south- 
ern part of Georgia and the northern part of Flor- 
ida. They had made considerable advancement in 
civilization, having a republican form of govern- 
ernment, newspapers, churches, and schools. They 
numbered 15,000. 

In 1834 Congress set apart the Indian Territory 
for their permanent residence. They refused to 
leave their homes in Georgia and Florida; but 
finally, for the sum of $5,000,000, they reluctantly 



■236 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

gave up their lands aud removed to the Territory 
assigned them (1837). 

7. The Texan War. — As we have learned, the 
Territory of Texas was a part of Mexico, and sub- 
ject to Spain. For many years Spain prohibited 
immigration to this region; but finally granted 
Stephen F. Austin of Connecticut a large tract in 
that province, on condition that he would settle it 
with several hundred families. Within a few years 
immigration rapidly increased; and in 1830 there 
were about 20,000 Americans in Texas. 

In the meantime (1821), Mexico had gained inde- 
pendence of Sixain. The Mexicans became jealous 
of the prosperity of these American settlers and 
pursued an unjust and oppressive policy toward 
them. The remonstrances of the Americans beinof 
■disregarded, they declared their independence of 
Mexico (1834), and made ready to secure it by force 
of arms. The General Government favored the 
Texans and sent volunteers to aid them. 

Battle of Gonzales. — In 1835 the revolution began 
with the battle of Gonzales (go7i-zah'-lez), in which 
1,000 Mexicans were defeated by 500 Texans. 

The Alamo. — In 1835 the Alamo, a strong Mexi- 
can fortress, was captured and the whole Mexican 
army dispersed. 

On the Gth of March, 1836, Gen. Santa Anna,* 

'■' Santa Anna was one of the most prominent men of revolu- 
tionary Mexico. He held high military commands, was three 
times elected President and twice made dictator. Banished or 
compelled to leave the country at various times, and once con- 
victed of treason, he led a checkered life. He died in poverty and 
obscurity in 1876. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 23T 

with a force of 8,000 Mexicans, attacked the Al- 
amo, which had been left in charge of only 187 
gallant men. Every man in the Alamo was killed,, 
some while begging for quarter. Here fell the cel- 
ebrated Davy Crockett, within a circle of prostrate 
Mexicans whom he had slain with his sword.* 

Battle of San Jacinto. — On the 21st of April, 1836, 
the Mexican array of 1,500 men under Santa Anna 
was totally routed by 800 Texan s under Gen. Sam 
Houston.! This decisive battle ended the war and 
secured the independence of Texas (1837). 

Further Hostilities. — Though the independence- 
of Texas was acknowledged by the United States 
(1837), yet Mexico still maintained a threatening 
attitude. In 1842 the Mexicans invaded Texas 
and committed depredations. In December, 1842,. 
a small band of Texans made an assault upon the 
town of Mier (meer), Mexico, near the Rio Grande 
{ree'-o-grand). Overpowered by superior numbers 
they surrendered, with the understanding that they 
would be treated as prisoners of war; instead of 

*Here was also found the body of the brave and fearless 
James Bowie — originator of the deadly Bowie-knife — with twenty" 
dead Mexicans lying around him, 

t General Sam Houston was one of the most remarkable char- 
acters in American history. During several years of his early 
boyhood he lived among the Cherokee Indians, winning the frien'd- 
ship and esteem of the Chiefs. Studying law, he became after- 
wards a prominent politician. He was elected to Congress, and 
also governor of Tennessee. He took a conspicuous part in the 
Texan revolution, and after the annexation of Texas, he was 
elected to the United States Senate. In 1859, he was elected gov- 
ernor of Texas, but resigned on the breaking out of the Civil War.. 
He died in 1863. 



238 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

which tliey were immured in a, loathsome prison 
and deprived of the commonest necessaries of life. 
Attempting to escape they were betrayed, and 
Santa Anna ordered every tenth man shot, — to be 
decided by lot. There were 176 of the prisoners. 
159 white beans, and 17 black ones were put into 
a mug, and the captives — blindfolded — wiere re- 
quired each to draw one of them, thus severally 
deciding their fate for life or death. The seven- 
teen victims met their doom like men of stern, un- 
flinching mould. " They were tied together and 
seated upon a log; the fatal volley was discharged, 
and their gallant spirits were quenched forever." 

At times, other hostilities occurred till the ad- 
mission of Texas into the American Union. [See 
Folk's Administration). 

8. Great Fire in New York City. — On December 
16, 1835, a very destructive fire occurred in New 
York City. It broke out near the corner of Wall* 
and Broad streets, and before it could be arrested, 
nearly ^18,000,000 of property was destroyed. 
Thousands of people were reduced to poverty and 
thousands rendered homeless. {See also ^^ Grant's. 
Administration " Topics 8 and 10). 

9. Seminole War. — In 1835 a long and harass- 
ing Indian war began. The Seminoles inhabiting 
the interior of Florida refused to move west, in 
accordance with a previous agreement. The Gov- 
ernment sent troops to force their departure, but 

* In the early days of the settlement of Manhattan, a wall was 
run across the island, at what is now Wall street, to keep ofl" the 
Indians. Hence the name. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 239 

OcEOLA,* their wily eliief, baffled and entrapped 
the soldiers on many occasions. A. detachment of 
117 men under Major Dade fell into an ambuscade, 
iind every man except one was killed, and he es- 
<3aped only by feigning death. This troublesome 
war did not terminate till 1842, when the most of 
the defiant Seminoles reluctantly took their course 
westward. 

Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, both of 
whom afterward became prominent in our coun- 
try's history, were engaged in this war. 

10. Bank of The United States. — A bill renewing 
the charter of the United States Bank was vetoed f 
by Jackson duringhis first term. "After his re-elec- 
tion in 1832 by an overwhelming majority, consid- 
ering his policy sustained by the people, he ordered 
(1833) the public money to be removed from its 

* "Oceola had married a beautiful Maroon, who, while on a 
visit to Fort King with her husband, was seized as a slave. Oceola 
became frantic with rage, but was instantly placed in irons while 
liis wife was hurried away. He was released, but revenge was 
henceforth the consuming passion of his bosom. The record of 
his fierce and terrible deeds furnishes material not unfit for dra- 
matic poetry." 

t If the President does not approve any bill he may return it 
to the house of Congress in which it originated, and his objections 
will defeat its operation, unless overcome by a vote of two-thirds, 
in both houses. In the latter case, however, his " veto " has no 
influence. In the re-consideration of a bill, the vote must be taken 
by the " ayes" and "nays," and entered in full on the journals of 
both houses. The President can retain a bill without his signa- 
ture for a period not exceeding ten days, (exclusive of Sundays) ; 
if he fails to return it at the expiration of this time, the bill be- 
comes a law, unless Congress shall have adjourned in the mean- 
time. 



240 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

vaults. The bank thereupon co. itracted its loans. 
Money became scarce. People were unable to pay 
their debts. Commercial distress ensued. These 
measures excited the most violent clamor. Jack- 
son was, however, sustained by the Democratic 
majority in the House of Representatives." 

11. Speculation Rife. — " When the public money, 
withdrawn from the Bank of the United States, 
was deposited in local banks, it became easy for 
any one to borrow money. Speculation extended 
to every branch of trade, but especially to western 
lands. J^ew cities (in imagination) were laid out 
in the wilderness. Fabulous prices were charged 
for building lots, which existed only on paper. 
Scarcely a man could be found who had not his 
pet project for realizing a fortune. The bitter 
fruits of these hot-house schemes were gathered in 
Van Buren's time." 

12. Decease of Six Great Men. — Some eminent 
men who died during Jackson's Administration 
were : 

James Monroe, ex-President, July 4, 1831, aged 
72 years. lie was a soldier, statesman and diplo- 
matist. 

Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, 1832, aged 96 
years. He was the last surviving signer of the 
Declaration of Independence. {See note to Tojnc 4, 
''JEvents of 1776.") 

Philip Freneau, 1832, aged 80 years. He was a 
poet of Revolutionary times. 

John Randolph, of Roanoke, May 24th, 1833, 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 241 

nf tedt/v "• "^^ ".'' "" ^''"^™'"' ""<! ^i'. -"I 
noted tor his eccentricity. 

John Marshall, 1835, aged 80 years. He ,vas 

Ch.cfJ„st,ee of tlte United States and author o 

fi "Life of Washington." 

James Madison, ex-President, 1836 a-ed 8^ 

fvrEnjtr '-''-' ^-^- -^ — - " 

Adniinw'r^^"''. ^''' States.-Daring Jackson's 
mZ ' " "'" '^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^'''< - 

Arkansas was admitted as the twenty-fifth State 
June 15th, 1836. ^ ^' 

Michigan was admitted as the twenty-sixth State 
January 26th, 1837. ' 

14 Settlement of These States—Arkansas was 
^ settled by the French in 1685. It derived its name 
Irom a now extinct tribe of Indians 

Michigan was settled at St. Mary's in 1668 by 

word " ^ • '' 'T'' ''' ^^"^^ ^-- - I^^di- 
rdlnfTm'"^^.-''"''^^^"'' ^^t-it was foun. 
ded m 1701. This was the fourth State admitted 

VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1837—1841. 

1. Election and Inauguration.— In the fall of 1836 

the Democrats-supporters of Jackson's Adminis- 

tra 1011 elected Martin Van Buren, of ^ew Yoi-k 

eigh h President. His opponent was Gen. William 



242 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Henry Harrison, of Ohio, Whig. Col. Richard M, 
Johnson, of Kentucky, was elected Vice President 
by the Senate. Van Buren was inaugurated March 
4th, 1837. 

2. Martin Van Buren. — In 1831 he was appointed 
Minister to England, but the nomination being re- 




Martin Van Buren. 

jected by the Senate, his party elected him Vice- 
President in Jackson's second term. He was a can- 
didate for a second term, but was defeated by Har- 
rison. 

3. The "Patriot War."— In 1837 the Canadians, 
in rebellion against the British government, at- 
tempted to establish their independence. The peo- 
ple of the United States adjacent to Canada, sym- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 243 

pathized with the insurgents, and a party of 700 
men, crossing the border to their assistance, took 
possession of ^Navy Island, a British dependence in 
the Niagara River, and fortified it so strongly as to 
resist an attack from the loyalists. They employed 
the steamer Caroline to convey their provisions and 
war materials. In December a party of British 
troops attempting to seize this vessel, a desperate 
fight ensued. The British set fire to the Caroline, 
cut her from her moorings, and allowed her to drift 
over the falls. Thus the peaceful relations between 
Great Britain and the United States were endan- 
gered; but our government promptly forbid inter- 
ference in the affairs of Canada, and sent a force to 
the frontier, which soon restored harmony. 

4. Financial Panic of 1837.— Owing to the removal 
of the public funds from the United States Bank, 
and depositing it in various State Banks— thereby 
giving free scope to speculation and extravagance— 
the banks suspended payment, and the whole coun- 
try was involved in a financial panic (1837). Thou- 
sands were made bankrupt, and ruin threatened the 
people. {See '' Buchaiian' s Administration;' 7iote to 
Topic 1; also ''Grant's Administration^' Toinc 15.) 
By judicious management, however, the monetary 
tide was stemmed and the country recovered 
though not till after Van Buren's time. 

5. The Sub-Treasnry Bill.— At an extra session of 
Congress Van Buren submitted his famous Sub- 
Treasury scheme, for the safe keeping of the pub- 
lic funds. Though at first violently opposed, it 



244 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

became a law at a subsequent session, in 1840.* It 
provided that " all government dues should be paid 
in gold or silver, which should not, as before, be 
deposited in banks, but should be kept in certain 
offices in the chief cities of the Union, under the 
care of persons appointed for the purpose, called 
sub-treasurers, who should give security for the 
proper discharge of their duty." The opponents 
to the bill contended that the distresses of the peo- 
ple did not, in this case, call for the interference of 
government; but for a reformation in the indi- 
vidual extravagance which had prevailed, and a 
return to the neglected ways of industry. 



HARRISON AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1841—1845. 

1. Election and Inauguration. — Van Buren being 
considered in some measure responsible for the 
troubles of the country, lost popular confidence, 
and at the next election (1840) was defeated by the 
"Whig candidate, Gen. W. H. Harrison. John Ty- 
ler was elected Vice-President. The inauguration 
took place, March 4th, 1841. 

2. William Henry Harrison. — He distinguished 
himself during the War of 1812, especially in the 
Battle of the Thames. He was also the "Hero of 

*The Sub-Treasury bill was repealed during the first year of 
Tyler's Administration (1841), but re-enacted under Polk. The 
public money is now kept in the United States Treasury at Wash- 
ington and in sub-treasuries. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



245 



Tippecanoe." He was elected by a very large ma- 
jority, and great hopes were entertained of his ad- 
ministration; but just one month after his inaugu- 
ration, he died. John Tyler, the Vice-President, 
then became (tenth) President (April 4th). 




William Henry Hakrison. 

3. John Tyler. — He was at first a great favorite 
with his party — the "Whigs — but opposing their 
measures and making free use of the veto power, 
his former political friends pronounced him a rene- 
gade. All his Cabinet, except Daniel Webster, 



246 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



resigned.* His administration was not, therefore, 
successful. 

4. National Bank Bill. — One of Tyler's first offi- 
cial acts was to defeat, by the Presidential veto, an 
act passed by Congress establishing a National 




. John Tyi^er. 

Bank. The mortified Whigs got up another scheme 
for a bank and passed it through Congress under 
the name of a " Fiscal Corporation of the United 
States." This bill, though based entirely on his 

•Webster retained his position on account of several important 
public interests which would have suffered from his resignation. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 247 

own suggestions, Tyler vetoed also, to the great 
chagrin of his party, who denounced him as betray- 
ing their confidence. 

5. Wilkes's Exploring Expedition. — In 1842 Lieut. 
Charles Wilkes, of the United States Navy, re- 
turned from an exploring expedition begun four 
years before. The expedition was accompanied by 
a large corps of scientific men, and was well pro- 
vided with everything that could assist them in 
their researches. They visited many (before) un- 
known islands in the Pacific; and, near the south 
pole, discovered a barren and uninhabited region, 
which Wilkes called the "Antarctic Continent." 
The whole distance traveled was 90,000 miles — 
nearly four times the circumference of the globe. 

6. Dorr's Rebellion. — In 1842 serious difficulties oc- 
curred in Rhode Island, growing out of a movement 
to substitute a constitution extending the right of 
suffrage, in place of the charter granted by Charles 
IL, in 1663, which had been the " fundamental law 
of the land" the greater part of two centuries. 
The "suffrage party" attempted to effect the 
change without regard to existing laws, even re- 
sorting to force ; but the legitimate power pre- 
vailed. A constitution — the one under which the 
State is now governed, was soon after adopted. 

7. The Sewing Machine Invented. — This boon to 
women and manufacturers of clothing, boots, shoes, 
harness, etc., was the invention of an ingenious 
American — Elias Howe (1843). 

8. The Mormons. — In 1844 great excitement pre- 
vailed, especially in Illinois, concerning the Mor- 



248 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Moxs, or Latter Day Saints. This sect, practicing- 
polygamy, was founclod in 1830 by Joseph Smith, a 
native of Vermont— an illiterate man— who pre- 
tended to have seen visions and to have fonnd cer- 
tain gold plates containing a revelation from God 
which he alone could decipher. From this supposed 
"revelation" originated the ''Book of Mormon." 
Smith soon had many followers who established 
themselves in Illinois, * building a magnificent 
temple at Nauvoo. 

Many lawless acts having been committed by 
these "Saints," the people of Illinois determined 
to get rid of them. Joseph Smith and his brother 
were arrested and lodged in jail. On the 17th of 
July, 1844, a mob broke into the jail and killed 
them. The next year, the Mormons left Illinois 
and emigrated to the wilderness beyond the Rocky 
Mountains— now the Territory of Utah. {See also 
Buchanan's Administration, Topic 3.) 

9. M.\£:iiefio Telegraph.- The Magnetic Teleirraph 
was invented by Prof. Sajiuel F.^B. MoRSE.'a na- 
tive of Massachusetts. He received a patent for 
his invention in 1837, and after long delay and 
many disappointments— many ridiculing the idea- 
he obtained an appropriation from Congress of 
830,000 for the purpose of testing its utility. In 
1844 the first telegraphic wires were erected, from 
Baltimore to W^ishington City, and on May 29th 
(1844) the first dispatch was sent over the wires^ 
conveying the intelligence of Polk's nomination as 
a candidate for the Presidency. There are now 

* They had previously occupied Kirtland, Ohio. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 249 

more than 150,000 miles of telegraph line * in the 
United States — enough to extend six times around 
the globe. (See also Johnson's Administration, 
Topic 11.) 

10. The "Anti-Renters." — In the early history of 
New York large tracts of land were granted to 
certain persons called patroons, (see note to topic 1, 
page 73), as compensation for bringing over colo- 
nists from the old world. The land thus obtained 
was divided into farms and leased to settlers oq 
very favorable terms. This system had been in 
vogue for generations ; but in 1840, the farms hav- 
ing by this time increased greaty in value, some 
of the tenants refused to pay their rent, which was 
but a few bushels of wheat, three or four fowls, 
and one day's service with wagon and horses, each 
year. In 1844 the Anti-renters assumed a bolder 
tone ; " disguised as Indians they tarred and feath- 
ered such of their fellow-tenants as paid their rent, 
and resisted and even killed the officers sent to 
serve warrants on them." The governor of the 
State, however, by judicious measures, suppressed 
the disturbances.! 

11. Three More States Admitted. — On the last day 

of Tyler's Administration, Florida, Texas and Iowa 

* There are, however, more than 350,000 miles of wire extended 
in the construction of this line. 

tin 1844 serious riots also occurred in Philadelphia, growing- 
out of difierences between a party known as Native Americans and 
the Irish inhabitants of that city. Over a hundred persons were 
killed or wounded, and much property destroyed. The governor 
at the head of 500 men finally restored order. 



250 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

applied for admission into the Union, but the latter 
two were not admitted till afterward, namely : 

Florida was admitted as the twenty-seventh State, 
March 3, 1845. 

Texas was admitted as the twenty-eighth State, 
December 27, 1845. 

Iowa was admitted as the twenty-ninth State, 
December 29, 1846. 

The settlement and past history of Florida have 
been given. {See also 31ap of Territorial Growth.) 

Texas, the "Lone Star" State, was settled at 
San Antonio in 1692, by the Spaniards. The 
origin of its name is unknown, but it is supposed 
to be a Mexican word. It formed a part of Mexico 
till the Texan "War. {See " Jackson's Administra- 
tion^^^ Topic 7.) 

Iowa was settled at Burlington by people from 
Illinois, in 1833. The name is an Indian word, 
signifying "Drowsy Ones." 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1845—1849. 

1. Election and Inauguration. — The Texan ques- 
tion was the main issue of the campaign of 1844 — 
the Democrats being for, and the Whigs against, 
annexation. James K. Polk was the Democratic 
candidate, and was inaugurated eleventh President, 
March 4th, 1845. 

2. James K. Polk. — He was a native of Tennes- 
see, and began his public career in the Legislature 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



251 



of that State. He was also elected to Congress, 
and was Governor of Tennessee (1839). His oppo- 




James K. Polk. 
nent in the Presidential race was Henry Clay, the 
Whig candidate. The principal event of his Admin- 
istration was 

THE MEXICAN WAR. 

1846—1848. 

3. Causes of the War. — The Mexicans having 
never acknowledged the independence of Texas, 
continued to regard it as a revolted province, and 
threatened to attempt its recovery by force of arms. 



252 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

When Texas was annexed to the Union, the Mexi- 
can Minister at Washington declared the act the 
most unjust recorded in history. They further- 
more claimed that the River Nueces {nway'-ses) was 
its western boundary, while the United States re- 
garded the Kio Grande as its true and proper limit. 
These contending claims, coupled with delin- 
quencies on the part of Mexico, led to a war, which 
resulted in the conquest of a large portion of Mex- 
ico. The war began in May, 1846, and ended in 
February, 1848. 

4. Battle of Palo Alto. — Gen. Zachary Taylor, 
who had gained distinction in the Seminole War, 
was dispatched (1845) with a small force of United 
States troops to the frontier, near the Rio Grande. 
Here he remained till the spring of 1846. On May 8th, 
he marched to Palo Alto (pah'-lo-ahl'-to), where he 
found an army of 6,000 men drawn up directly ia 
his road. A battle ensued, lasting five hours, 
which resulted in the complete rout of the 'Mexi- 
cans with a loss of about 400 men ; while the Amer- 
ican loss was but 9 killed and 44 wounded. 

5. Battle of Resaca de la Palma. — The next day 
May 9th, the Mexicans were again defeated at the 
battle of Resaca de la Palma {ray-sah'-kah day lak 
pahl'-mah). The gallant Captain May with a com- 
pany of dragoons charged and took a Mexican 
battery during this engagement. 

6. Effect of These Victories. — The news of these 
engagements reaching Washington, Congress for- 
mally declared war, May 11th, 1846. Volunteers 
by thousands offered their services, and the greatest 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



253 



enthusiasm prevailed. "The traditional splendor 
of the ancient halls of the Montezumas kindled a 
chivalrous spirit that characterized the days of 
old." 

7. Capture of Monterey.— September 23d, (1846), 
the American army under 
General Taylor captured the 
famous cit}^ of Monterey (mo?i- 
tay-ray') near the Sierra 
Madre {see- er' -rah mah'-dray) 
Mountains. The fighting 
raged in the streets and within 
the houses, and was of the 
fiercest character. 




>iii.i:s ~T 



Taylor's Campaign, 1846-1847. 

8 California and New Mexico Conquered. — In July, 
1846, the inhabitants of California revolted, and 
under the leadership of Colonel John C. Fremont,* 

*To John Charles Fremont we are indebted for the early ex- 
ploration and survey of the vast plains of the West. A fine 
mathematician and civil engineer, he was appointed (1842) by the 
government to explore the unknown region of the Kocky Moun- 
tains. Being successful in this undertaking, he was again sent out 
with a superior outfit. For some years he was thus employed 
crossing the continent many times, often suffering the most extreme 
dangers from cold and hunger and in encounters with Indians. 
He was commissioned by President Taylor to run the boundary 
line between Mexico and the United States. In 1850 he became 
Senator from the newly admitted State of California. He was an 
unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in 1856. He served as 
major general in the civil war, and in 1878 he was appointed Gov- 
vernor of Arizona Territory. 



254 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Styled the "Path-finder of the Rocky Mountains," 
achieved their independence of Mexico. 




General Winpield Scott. 

In August, 1846, Gen. Stephen Kearney {kar'^ 
7icy), with an army of volunteers, subdued the 
region since named New Mexico. 

9. Battle of Bueua Vista.— In the autumn of 1846 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



25J 



General Winfield Scott* was appointed to the com- 
mand of the United States army in Mexico, with 
instructions to carry the war directly to the City 
of Mexico. To further his plans, he drew from 
Taylor's army a large portion of his force and sev- 
eral of his best officers, leaving him a comparatively 
small command with which to face the enemy.. 
Taylor — "Old Rough and Keady," as he was styled 
— was equal to the emergency, and on February 
23d, 1847, joined battle with the Mexican army 
under Santa Anna, at Buena Vista {bway'-nah vees'- 
tah). The Mexican force was four times as large 
as the American. The contest was sanguinary and 
furious. Two thousand Mexicans were left dead 
upon the field, while the American loss was 800 
killed and wounded. Santa Anna was defeated. 

10. Capture of San Juan de Ulloa. — On Marcb 

9th, 1847, the strong Mexi- 
can fortress of San Juan de 
Ulloa {ool-yo'-ah) at Vera 
Cruz — considered impregna- 
ble — was besieged by Gen- 
eral Scott. On the 27th, af- 
ter a heavy bombardment 
from land and water, the city 
and castle capitulated, yield- 
ing up 5,000 prisoners, 600 
cannon, and 10,000 stand of 
small arms. 

* Winfield Scott, after graduating at William and Mary Col- 
lege, adopted the profession of law, but abandoned it to enter the 
army. He attained a brilliant career in the war of 1812, the Creek 
War, and the Mexican War. He was one of the most renowned of 




256 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

SCOTT'S CAMPAIGN. 
1847. 

11. Battle of Cerro Gordo.— April 18th, 1847 
Scott gained another signal victory over Santa 
Anna, at Cerro Gordo. Santa Anna was forced to 
seek personal safety on the back of a mule. 3 000 
prisoners were taken, and the Mexican army in 
that quarter was utterly routed. The Americans 

. lost but 63 killed. 

12. Two Victories in One Day.— August 20th, 
1847, a division of Scott's army, under General P. 
F. Smith, captured Contreras [kon-tray' -ras) a 
strongly fortified hill where 8,000 Mexicans were 
intrenched. 

On the same day, the battle of Cherubusco (koo- 
roo-boos'-ko) was fought. Here Scott gained an- 
other brilliant victory over Santa Anna, who had 
again taken the field with 27,000 Mexicans. 

13. Capture of the City of Mexico.- After the sio-. 
nal victories just mentioned, General Scott pro- 
posed an armistice, which was accepted by Santa 
Anna, but who violated the terms by strengthening 
his fortifications. Learning.this, Scott at once re- 
sumed hostilities. On September 8th, 1847, the 
field works surrounding Molino del Rey (mo-ke'-no 
dale-ray') were captured with great slaughter to 
the Mexicans. 

On the 13th the strong castle of Chapultepec 

American generals, exhibiting great tact and judgment. In 1861 
he was retired on full pay and rank. He died in 1866, a<^ed 80. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 257 

(chah-pool'-tay-jjek) was taken, and Santa Anna with 
his army fled from the city. On the next day^ 
the 14th, the American Army triumphantly entered 
the city and unfurled the " Stars and Stripes" above' 
the halls of the Montezumas. The Mexican war 
was ended. 

14. Results of the War.— February 2d, 1848, the 

treaty of peace was concluded, and on July 4th it 
was proclaimed to the world. In this treaty, the 
Mexicans agreed to consider the Rio Grande as the 
western boundary of the disputed territory, and to 
cede to the United States the provinces of 'New 
Mexico and California, which embraced also the 
present State of Nevada {iiaij-vah'-dah) and the ter- 
ritories of Utah and Arizona, for the sum of 
$15,000,000. {See Map showing the several Mexican 
Cessions.) 



OTHER EVENTS OF POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 

15. The Smithsonian Institution. — In April, 1846, 
Congress passed an act organizing the Smithsoniaist 
Institute at Washington City. James Smithson,. 
an eminent English chemist and philanthropist,, 
had bequeathed to the United States $515,000 for 
the establishment at Washington of an institution 
for the increase and diffusion of knoioledge among men.. 
In the act establishing this institution, it was pro- 
vided that the same should be under immediate 
control of a Board of Regents, composed of the 
President, the Vice-President, Judges of the Su- 
17 



258 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



pieme Court, and other principal officers of the 
Government; that buildings should be provided 




suitable to contain a museum of natural history, a 
cabinet of minerals, a chemical laboratory, a gallery 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 259 

of art, and a library. Professor Joseph Henry* of 
Princeton College was chosen Secretary of the In- 
stitution, and the plan of organization was success- 
fully carried out. " The result has been the 
establishment in the United States of one of the 
most beneficent institutions known in the history of 
mankind. 

16. Northern Boundary of the United States — Dur- 
ing the first part of Polk's Administration the 
northern boundary of the United States was a dis- 
puted question, which almost brought about hos- 
tilities with England. In June, 1846, a treaty was 

*This celebrated American scientist and natural philosopher 
was born in 1797, and died in 1879. He is said to have invented the 
first machine moved by the agency of electro-magnetism. In 1832 
he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at Princeton 
College, and in 1846 he became Secretary of the Smithsonian In- 
stitute, which responsible position he held till his death. His inter- 
pretation of that bequest, so as to facilitate original scientific 
researches and publish the results obtained — thus promoting objects 
of general instead of local interest — has received the approval of 
the leading men of the age. Under his editorship, the institution 
published some twenty volumes of "Contributions to Knowledge," 
containing the results of original investigations in various branches 
of natural history, meteorology, physics, geology, archeology and 
astronomy; besides nearly a dozen volumes of "Miscellaneous 
Collections," consisting of works to facilitate the study of different 
branches of natural history, meteorology, etc., and annual volumes 
of " Reports." It may be said that the present system of weather 
reports owes its practicability to the thorough system of observa- 
tions long before inaugurated by Prof. Henry. The system of 
international exchanges, whereby the reports of several thousand 
scientific societies and institutions in Europe and America are 
mutually interchanged through a single channel, also owes its de- 
velopment to his fostering care. Prof. Baird is at present (1881) 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute. 



260 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

made with Great Britain by which the northern 
boundary was lixed at 49° of latitude and the Strait 
of San Juan de Fuca {sahn waun day foo'-kah), in- 
stead of 54° 40' as demanded by the Democratic 
party.* (See Grant's Administration, Toinc 13, for 
final disposition of this question.) 

17. Discovery of Gold in California. — In February, 
1848, gold was discovered in California, on the 
farm of Captain Sutter. Similar discoveries were 
soon made in other places in the neighborhood. The 
excitement was great; people abandoned tlieir reg- 
ular business, forsook their farms, and shut up their 
houses to seek the precious metal. Men from all 
parts of the Union, and indeed, the world, flocked 
to this land of gold. The city of San Francisco 
sprang up as' if by magic, and the Territory in- 
creased rapidly in population. 

18. Another New State. — During the last half of 
Polk's term Wisconsin was admitted as the 30th 
State, May 29, 1848. 

It was settled in 1745 at Green Bay by the 
French. This was the fifth and last State admitted 
from the i^orthwest Territory. (See Map of Terri- 
torial Growth). It derived its name from its prin- 
cipal river, and signifies "the gathering of the 
waters." 

*In 1842 similar trouble existed regarding the northeastern 
boundary, particularly those parts of Maine and New Brunswick 
which bordered on the disputed line. It was finally settled by 
treaty August 20, 1842. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 261 



RECAPITULATION 

OF THE BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING THE 
MEXICAN WAR. 

The principal battles and captures of the Mexi- 
can "War,* tabulated in chronological order, were: 

1846. 

1. Battle of Palo Alto, Ma}' 8th, — Americans vic- 
torious. American commander. General Taylor; 
Mexican, General Arista. 

2. Battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 9th, — 
Americans victorious. American commander, Tay- 
lor; Mexican, La Vega. 

3. Conquest of California, July,— ^by Colonel J. 
C. Fremont. 

4. Conquest of New Mexico, August, — by Gen. 
Stephen Kearney. 

5. Capture of Monterey, September 24th, — by 
the Americans. American commander, Taylor; 
Mexican, Ampudia. 

1847. 

1. Battle of Buena Vista, February 23d, — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, Taylor; 
Mexican, Santa Anna. 

2. Capture of San Juan de Ulloa, March 27th, 
by Americans under General Scott. 

3. Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18th, — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Scott; Mexican, 
Santa Anna. 

4. Battle of Contreras, August 20th, — Americans 

*The Americans gained every battle. 



262 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

victorious. American commander, General Smith ; 
Mexican, General Valencia. 

5. Battle of Churubusco, August 20th, — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, Scott; 
Mexican, Santa Anna. 

6. Battle of Molino del Key, September 8th, — 
Americans victorious. American commander. Gen. 
Worth ; Mexican, Santa Anna. 

7. Battle of Chapultepec, September 13th, — 
Americans victorious. American commander. Gen. 
Pillow; Mexican, Santa Anna. 

8. Capture of the City of Mexico, September 
14th, — American army under Scott triumphantly 
entered the city. 



KECAPITULATION. 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN SECTION IL 
(national period.) 

1816. American Colonization Society founded, De- 

cember. 

1817. James Monroe inaugurated fifth President^ 

March 4th. 
1817. Erie Canal begun. 

1817. Mississippi admitted as the 20th State, De- 

cember 10th. 

1818. Seminoles defeated by Gen. Jackson, March, 

1818. Illinois admitted as the 21st State, Decem- 

ber 3d. 

1819. Florida ceded to the United States by Spain, 

February 22d. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 263 

1819. Alabama admitted as the 22d State, Decem- 

ber 14th. 

1820. Maine admitted as the 23d State, March 15th. 

1820. Monroe re-elected, November. 

1821. Missouri Compromise passed, March 3d. 
1821. Missouri admitted as the 24th State, August 

10th. 
1821. Mexico declared her independence of Spain. 

1824. LaFayette visited United States. 

1825. Erie Canal finished. 

1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated 6th Pres- 

ident, March 4th. 

1826. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, ex-Pres- 

idents, died, July 4th. 

1826. William Morgan, Free Mason, mysteriously 

disposed of. 

1827. First Steam Railway in America constructed. 

1828. High Protective Tariff Act passed by Con- 

gress. 

1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated 7th President, 

March 4th. 

1830. Sect of Mormons founded by Joseph Smith. 

1831. James Monroe, ex-President, died, July 4th. 

1832. Charles Carroll, of CarroUton, died. 
1832. Philip Freneau, Revolutionary poet, died. 
1832. Asiatic Cholera first visited the United States. 
1832. Kew Tariff" passed by Congress. 

1832. Black Hawk's War quashed by Gen. Scott, 

August 2d. 

1833. Clay's Compromise, preventing civil war, 

passed March 3d. 
1833. John Randolph, of Roanoke died. May 24th. 



264 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1833. Jackson re-elected President, November. 

1833. The President removed public funds from the 

Bank of the United States. 

1834. Indian Territor}^ set apart for the Cherokee 

and other Indians- 

1834. Texans declared their independence of 

Mexico. 

1835. Texan War began — Mexicans defeated at 

Gonzales. 
1835. Texans captured the Alamo. 
1835. John Marshall, Chief Justice United States 

Supreme Court, died. 
1835. Second Seminole War began. 

1835. Great Fire in New York City, December 16th. 

1836. Mexicans retook the Alamo and slaughtered 

the garrison, March 16th. 
1836. General Houston defeated Santa Anna at 

San Jacinto, April 21st. 
1836. Arkansas admitted as the twenty-fifth State, 

June 15th. 

1836. James Madison, ex-President, died. 

1837. Michigan admitted as the twent3'--sixth State, 

January 26th. 

1837. Independence of Texas acknowledged by the 
United States. 

1837. Van Buren inaugurated eighth President, 
March 4th. 

1837. The Patriot War in Canada suppressed. 

1837. The Cherokees removed to Indian Territory. 

1837. Great Financial Panic in the United States. 

1837. Prof. Morse received a patent for his Mag- 
netic Telegraph. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 265 

1840. Sub-treasury Bill passed. 

1841. Harrison inaugurated 9th President, March 

4th. 

1841. Harrison died, April 4th. 

1841. Tyler became tenth President, April 4th. 

1841. Sub-treasury Bill repealed. 

1841. Second Seminole War ended. 

1842. Northeastern Boundary of U. S. settled. 
1842. Wilkes's Exploring Party returned. 

1842. Dorr's Rebellion occurred in Rhode Island. 

1843. Elias Howe invented the Sewing Machine. 

1843. IToah Webster, lexicographer, died May 28th. 

1844. Magnetic Telegraph first operated, May 29th. 
1844. Mormons driven from Illinois, Smith killed, 

July 17th. 

1844. Anti-Rent difiiculties in New York. 

1845. Florida admitted as the 27th State, March 3d. 
1845. Polk inaugurated 11th President, March 4th. 

1845. Texas admitted as the 28th State, December 

27th. 

1846. Smithsonian Institution established at Wash- 

ington City. 

1846. Mexican War inaugurated by battle of Palo 
Alto, May 8th. 

1846. Mexicans defeated at Resaca de la Palma, 
May 9th. 

1846. Declaration of War with Mexico, May 11th. 

1846. Northern Boundary of United States fixed at 
49°, June. 

1846. California conquered b}'^ Fremont, July. 

1846. New Mexico conquered by Kearney, August. 

1846. Monterey captured by Gen. Taylor, Septem- 
ber 24th. 



266 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

1846. Iowa admitted as the 29th State, December 

29th. 

1847. Taylor defeated Santa Anna at Buena Vista, 

February 23d. 
1847. Gen. Scott captured San Juan de UUoa, March 

27th. 
1847. Mexicans defeated at Cerro Gordo, April 18th. 
1847. Contreras captured, August 20th. 
1847. Scott defeated Santa Anna at Churubusco^ 

August 20th. 
1847. Molino del Rey captured, September 8th. 
1847. Chapultepec taken, September 13th. 

1847. City of Mexico taken and entered by U. S. 

Army, September 14th. 

1848. Peace made between U. S. and Mexico, Feb- 

ruary 2d. 

1848. Gold discovered in California, February. 

1848. John Quincy Adams, ex-President, died, Feb- 
ruary 23d, 

1848. Wisconsin admitted as the 30th State, May 
29th. 

1848. President Polk proclaimed peace with Mex- 
ico, July 4th. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

1. Recite the foregoing chronological table, to the annexation of 

Texas. — To the close of the Mexican War. 

2. "Write and recite a list of the States admitted to the Union, 

from the adoption of the Constitution to the close of 1848. 

3. Write and recite a list of the names of the Presidents from 

Washington to Polk, giving the date at which each began 
his administration. 

4. Recite the list of the battles of the Mexican War, with their 

dates. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 267 

5. What States were formed out of the Northwest Territory ? — Out 

of tlie Mississippi Territory ? — Out of the Territory South 
of the Ohio? 

6. How were the limits of the United States extended in 1819? 

In 1803? — In 1845? — How much territory has been added 
to the country since 1802? 

7. What was the extent of Louisiana at the close of the Revolu- 

tionary War? — What bounds the present State of Louisiana? 

8. What circumstance led to the rapid settlement of California ? 

9. How does the region west of the Mississippi compare in size 

with the region east? 

10. What Presidents have been elected by the House of Kepresen- 

tatives? 

11. Which three ex-Presidents died on the 4th of July ? 

12. Who said " I would rather be right than be President?" 

13. Who was "Eough and Ready?" 

14. Who was the '' Hero of Tippecanoe ? " 

15. On what issue was Polk elected President? 

16. How did Harrison gain his popularity ? — Taylor? 

17. In what Indian war did Lincoln and Davis serve ? 

18. What President was called " Old Hickory ? " 

19. When was the first steamboat ? — The first railroad ? — The first 

magnetic telegraph? 

20. When was the Erie Canal opened? 

21. What is a "protective tarifiF?" 

22. What is the " Monroe Doctrine? " 

23. What President introduced rotation in oflSce ? 

24. Who are the Mormons ? 

25. Why was tariff advocated in New England and free trade in 

the South? 

26. What State was once a separate Republic? 

27. At what places have the Mormons established themselves? 

28. What did the United States pay for Texas? 

29. Why is Wall street, in New York city, so called ? 

30. What was the Patriot War? 

31. What was the Sub-Treasury Bill? 

32. What was the National Bank Bill? 

33. Who were the Anti-Renters ? 

34. In what war did the Americans gain every battle? 

35. Who established the Smithsonian Institute ? 

36. What is meant by the President's " veto ? " 



^68 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 



X. 



GENERAL REVIEW OE SECTION II. 
(national period.) 

Politics, 
laimigration. 
Colonization Society, 
Erie Canal, 
The Seminoles, 
Monroe Doctrine, 
Cession of Florida, 
LaFayette's Visit, 
States Admitted — Settlement, 
L Missouri Compromise. 



f 1. Monroe's 



Administration. 



EYENTS 

FROM 

1815 

TO 

1841. 



2. J. Q. Adams's 



Administration. 



3. Jackson's 



Administration. 



r High Protective Tariff, 

i Free Masonry, 

j Death of J. Adams and Jefferson, 

L The First Railroad. 

f Asiatic Cholera, 
Black Hawk's War, 
The Nullifiers, 
Cherokee Removal, 

Texan War, / ^^"f ' 
' I Battles. 

Great Fire in New York City, 

I Seminole War, 

I Bank of the United States, 

I Great Men who Died, 

I States Admitted — Settlement. 



4. Van Buren 



, Administration 



'S r The " Pat 

\ Financial 

n. I The Sub- 



Patriot War," 
1 Panic of 1837, 
Treasury Bill. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



269 



AN'ALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 



XI. 



EVENTS 



FROM 



1841 



TO 



1848. 



(continued.) 

r Death of Harrison, 
I National Bank Bill, 
I Wilkes's Expedition, 
5. Harrison and Tyler's | The Mormons, 

-{ The Sewing Machine, 
Administration. | Magnetic Telegraph, 

I Dorr's Rebellion, 
I States Admitted— Settled,. 
[ Anti-Rent Difficulties. 



6. Polk's 



MEXICAN 



f Smithsonian Institute, 



I Gold Discovered in California, 



Northern Boundary of U. S., 



(1 



(^Wisconsin Admitted. 

f Causes of the War, 

Battle of Palo Alto, 
Q.o J Battle of Resaca de la Palma,,, 
I Conquest of California, 

Conquest of New Mexico, 
L Capture of Monterey. 



WAR. 



(,184 



M 



L Administration. 



f Battle of Buena Vista, 
Capture of San Juan de UUoO- 
Battle of Cerro Gordo, 
Battle of Contreras, 
Battle of Churubusco, 
Br.ttle of Molino del Rey, 
Battle of Chapuhepec, 
(Japture of the City of Mexico,. 

t Results of the War. 



270 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




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272 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



SECTION III. 

FROM THE CLOSE OF THE MEXICAN WAR TO THE 
BEGINNING OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 

1848—1861. 



TAYLOR AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1849—1853. 

1. Election and Inauguration. — The candidates 
for the Presidencj in the fall of 1848 were Martin 
Van Buren, Free-Soiler — a party advocating the 
prohibition of slavery in all territory acquired by 
treaty (principles embodied in the Wilmot Pro- 
viso) ;* General Lewis Cass, Democrat, and General 
Zachary Taylor, Whig. General Taylor, whose 
brilliant services in the Mexican "War had won him. 
fame and the nation's gratitude, was elected. On 
March 5,t 1849, he was inaugurated twelfth Presi- 
dient, with Millard Fillmore as Vice President. 

2. Zachary Taylor. — He passed his youth amid 
the dangers and privations of frontier life in Ken- 
tucky. He was brought up a farmer, but gave up 
this vocation for a military life, having received, in 
1808, a commission in the army from President 
Jefferson. He was engaged in the War of 1812, 
and his subsequent services in the Seminole and 
Mexican Wars have been already noticed. During 
his Administration the Department of the Interior 
was created. 

*This proviso was introduced into Congress in 1846 by Davii> 
Wilmot {ivil^-mo), of Pennsylvania. 

tSee Hayes's Administration, note to Topic 3. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



273 



3. Death of President Taylor. — Like Harrison, 
Taylor died while Chief Magistrate of the nation. 
His death occurred July 9th, 1850 — one year and 
about four months after his inauo:uration. His 




Zachary Taylor. 

death at this time was regarded as a national aiflic- 

tion. The whole country mourned his demise. 

Public business was suspended, and eulogies were 

pronounced by leading statesmen of all parties. 

Millard Fillmore, the Vice President, then became 

President, making the thirteenth. 
18 



274 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



4. Millard Fillmore. — He commenced the study 
of law at the age of nineteen, and rose rapidly to 
distinction. He served in Congress and stood high 
in the confidence of the Whisrs. 




Millard Fillmore. 

5. Admission of California. — The application of 
California for admission as a free State caused 
intense excitement throughout the country. As a 
part of this territory was south of the dividing 
line established by the " Missouri Compromise," 
the Southern Senators declared that the prohibi- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 275 

tioii of slavery there was in violation of that act. 
A dissolution of the Union seemed imminent. At 
this critical period Henry Clay, ever the friend of 
the Union, prevented secession by his famous 
" Omnibus Bill," passed September 9th, 1850, by 
which the slavery question was settled for the time. 
California was therefore admitted as a free State 
September 9th, 1850, making the thirty-first of the 
Union. This State was settled at San Diego {de- 
ay' -go) by the Spaniards in 1776. It derived its- 
name from a character in an old Spanish romance. 

6. The Omnibus Bill. — The provisions of this bill 

were: 

(1). California was admitted as a free State; 

(2). The boundary line between Texas and ITew 
Mexico was fixed four degrees east of Santa 
Fe; 

(3). Utah and New Mexico were erected into ter- 
ritorial governments, free to introduce slav- 
ery or to prohibit it, as the people should 
decide ; 

(4). The barter of slaves was abolished in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia; 

(5). And the " Fugitive Slave Law " was passed,, 

providing for the capture and delivery to 

their masters of runaway negroes who had 

escaped from the South to the !N'orth. 

The Anti-Slavery Party, or "Abolitionists" were 

violently opposed to the " fugitive slave law," and 

sometimes violated its provisions. 



276 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



7. Death of John C. Calhoun. — During the agita- 
tion of the slavery question just mentioned one of 
its greatest advocates died — John C. Calhoun. His 
death occurred at Washington, March 31st, 1850. 




John C. Calhoun. 

He was the great champion of southern interests, 
and in his death the Senate lost one of its most 
powerful orators. 
8. Cuban "Filibusters."* — During the first part 

* A name given to mere lawless adventurers, either on sea or 
land, banded together for predatory excursions. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 277 

of Taylor's Administration some adventurous per- 
sons in the United States attempted to assist the 
Cubans to gain their independence of Spain. (The 
inhabitants of Cuba have long been endeavoring to 
gain liberty.) Though President Taylor had issued 
a proclamation warning all persons against inter- 
fering with the aftViirs of this island, yet in 1851, 
one Lopez with a company of 480 men eluded the 
vigilance of the U. S. authorities, and invaded 
Cuba. The Spaniards were apprised of his arrival 
and proceeded against him with a large force. 
Lopez and his companions were captured ; and, 
with a number of them, he was executed at Ha- 
vana.* {See also Pierce's Administration^ Topic 6; 
and Grant' s Administration^ Topic 17.) 

9. Louis Kossuth. — Austria and Russia having 
united against Hungary and overthrown her liber- 
ties, the Hungarian patriot, Louis Kossuth, made 
a tour of the United States, during the summer of 
1852, to plead the cause of his native land before 
the American people, and to obtain private aid for 
his oppressed countrymen. He was everywhere 

* England and France, judging from the attempts of these fili- 
busters, became anxious lest the United States should desire to 
annex Cuba to her domain. They therefore proposed a " tripar- 
tite treaty," by which each power should disclaim all intention of 
seizing upon that island, and guarantee its possession to Spain. 
Edward Everett, Secretary of State, in a masterly reply, re- 
jected the proposal, and set forth the Monroe doctrine in the 
strongest ierms, declaring that, "while the United States had no 
intention of violating her good faith toward Spain, she did not 
recognize in any European power the right of interfering in ques- 
tions that were purely American." 



278 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

received with expressions of sympathy and good- 
will, but the long established policy of the United 
States forbade interference in behalf of the Hun- 
garian patriots. 




Henry Clay. 

10. Decease of Two Great Men.— On June 28th, 
1852, Henry Clay died at Washington. He was 
one of America's greatest orators and purest pa- 
triots. As a statesman he had no superior and but 
few equals. 

Daniel Webster died at his home — Marshfield, 
Massachusetts — on the 24th of October, 1852. His 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



279 



powers of oratory were unsurpassed, and his giant 
intellect was highly cultivated. * 

The demise of these two great patriots was la- 
mented in every section of the country. Every 




Daniel Webster. 
lover of his country should read and ponder the 
lives of these eminent men. 

* Daniel Webster was one of America's greatest statesmen and 
jurists. At the age of nineteen he graduated from Dartmouth 
College with high honors. In 1805 he was admitted to the bar in 
Boston. In 1812 he was elected to Congress, and was a prominent 
member of the House for two successive terms. As a lawyer, he 
attained the reputation of the greatest pleader of his time. In 



280 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1853—1857. 
1. Election and Inauguration. — Franklin Pierce, 
elected by the Democrats over Gen. Winiield Scott, 




Franklin Pierci;. 

1823 he was again elected to the House of Representatives, and 
was twice re-elected ; but afterward was transferred to the Senate,. 
being the most conspicuous member of that body. He was Secre- 
tary of State under Harrison and Tyler, and again under Fillmore,, 
managing the foreign affairs of the nation with consummate skill. 
In 1845 he was returned to the Senate, in which capacity he con- 
tinued till he entered Fillmore's Cabinet. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 281 

"Whig, and John P. Hale, Freesoiler, was inaugu- 
rated fourteenth President, March 4th, 1853, with. 
William R. King as Vice-President. 

2. Franklin Pierce. — He was a lawyer, had been 
in Congress both as Representative and as Senator, 
and had served in the Mexican War. 

3. The Gadsden Purchase. — During Pierce's Ad- 
ministration trouble arose with Mexico in regard 
to the boundary line between the two countries. * 
This was owing to the inaccuracies of the maps. 
The difficulty was, however, settled by the United 
States paying Mexico $10,000,000. This transac- 
tion is known as the " Gadsden Purchase," by 
which the United States acquired 27,000 square 

* About the same time, a diplomatic question arose with Aus- 
tria, known as the Martin Koszla Affaif. Martin Koszta had been 
a leader in the Hungarian revolt against Austria, and after its 
suppression, he took refuge in the United States, formally declar- 
ing his intention of becoming an American citizen. Having occa-, 
sion to visit Smyrna, on the Mediterranean coast, he placed him- 
self under the protection of the U. S. consul, but was seized by 
some bandits, and carried on board an Austrian ship to answet for 
his previous conduct. Thereupon Captain Ingraham, command- 
ing the American sloop of war St. Lmiis, loaded his guns, pointed 
them at the Austrian vessel, and was about to make hot work, 
when an agreement was made that Koszta should be put in charge 
of the French government until his nationality should be decided. 
A correspondence ensued, which resulted in the release of Koszta 
and his return to the United States. " The correspondence was 
one of the ablest on record and extended, before its termination, to 
almost every question affecting naturalization and citizenship, and 
indeed to many other important topics of international law." The 
discussion of the question was carried on between the Austrian 
minister at Washington and William L. Marcy, the American 
Secretary of State. 



tibZ HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

miles of territory south of the Gila {he'-lah) river. 
{See Map.) 

4. The Crystal Palace.— July 14, 1853, the Crys- 
tal Palace, or World's Fair at New York was 
opened by President Pierce. It was made exclu- 
sively of iron and glass ; and contained the choicest 
products of foreign and domestic labor. It was 
visited by many thousands from all parts of the 
Union, and had a good effect in stimulating indus- 
trial pursuits. This glassy palace was afterwards 
burned — probably by an incendiary. 

5. Arctic Explorations. — In 1845 Sir John Frank- 
lin, a brave English seaman, undertook a voyage of 
discovery to the extreme North, believing that he 
could find a passage through an open polar sea into 
the Pacific; but no tidings ever came from the 
daring sailor. Several expeditions were sent out in 
search, but they met with no success. Henry 
Grinnell, a wealthy merchant of New York, at his 
own expense, dispatched a vessel to find the lost 
explorers; but the effort was fruitless. Again, in 
1853, our Government equipped a new Arctic squad- 
ron, in command of Dr. Elisha Kent Kane ; but 
the expedition, though rich in scientific results, 
discovered nothing of the unfortunate Franklin 
and his crew. 

6. Walker's Filibustering Expeditions. — In 1853 
General William Walker, an audacious and un- 
scrupulous adventurer, in violation of the laws of 
the United States, escaped vnth a band of fiUibus- 
ters from the port of San Francisco, and made a 
descent on Mexican territory in Lower California. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 283 

He attempted to raise a revolt there, but his com- 
pany was dispersed and himself made prisoner. He 
was tried by the authorities of San Francisco and 
acquitted. He again raised a baud of followers, 
and in 1855 entered Central America, where, being 
joined by a regiment of revolutionary natives, he 
fought and gained several battles. He became so 
powerful that he was elected President of Nicarau- 
gua. He met with varying fortunes; was three 
times made prisoner, but escaping, found followers 
in the United States and continued his scheming. 
Finally he was overpowered and his whole band 
captured. He was tried by a court martial at 
Truxillo (troo-heel'-yo), Honduras (Central America), 
condemned and shot. {See also '■'Taylor and Fill- 
more' s Administration,'' Topic 8; ^'■Grant's Adminis- 
tration''' Topic 17.) 

7. Treaty with Japan. — In March, 1854, an im- 
portant treaty was made with Japan, by which that 
nation agreed to open two of her ports of entry to 
the United States. (See also ''■ Buchanan'' s Adminis- 
tration," Topic 6.) 

8. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — In 1853 Stephen 
A.Douglas* introduced the famous "Kansas-Ne- 

* Stephen Arnold Douglas commenced the practice of law in 
1834, at Jacksonville, 111., showing such ability that, at the age of 
twenty-two, he was chosen Attorney-General of the State. Six 
years later, he was appointed Secretary of State, and also a Judge 
on the Supreme Bench of Illinois. In 1843 he was elected to Con- 
gress by the Democrats, and was twice re elected. He was pro- 
moted to the Senate in 1847, being a leader in that body for the 
remainder of his life. He was a great jurist, a powerful debater, 
and an eloquent speaker. He was opposed to the Civil War, 
strongly denouncing the doctrine of secession. 



284 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

braska Bill," organizing the Territories of Kansas 
and Nebraska, and giving the inhabitants of each 
Territory the right to decide for themselves whether 
it should be admitted free or slave, This doctrine 
was called " squatter sovereignty." As it was a 
repudiation of the Missouri Compromise, it caused 
violent and intense feeling. It became a law in 
1854. It brought about a "border warfare" be- 
tween the pro-slavery and anti-slavery men. Civil 
war ensued in Kansas. Men advocating admission 
with slavery, and others equally determined that 
there should be no slavery, went to Kansas to en- 
force their respective views. For years the Terri- 
tory was distracted by internal strife ; many persons 
were murdered, and other lawless acts of violence 
were committed by both of these belligerent par- 
ties. 



B UGH AN AN 'S ADMINISTRA TION. 

1857—1861. 

1. Election and Inauguration. — In 1853 the Know- 
Nothings," or "Americans," entertaining the prin- 
ciple that America should be ruled by Americans 
and opposing the influence of foreigners, came into 
existence. The party was, however, short-lived. 
The Free-Soil Democrats organized a new party 
styled "Republicans."* The Democrats were in 
favor of letting slavery extend wherever it found 
its way by the voice of the people. In the election 

* The old Republicans (Anti-Federalists) were those opposed 
to the Federalists. {See page — , Topic 3.) 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 285 

of 1856 the Know-JSTothings supported ex-President 
Fillmore; the Republicans, J. C. Fremont; and 
the Democrats, James Buchanan. Buchanan was 
elected with John C. Breckinridge as Vice-Presi- 
dent. The inauguration took place March 4, 1857.* 




James Buchanan. 

2. James Buchanan. — Buchanan, the "bachelor 
President," was sixty-six years old when he was 
■called to the executive chair. Much was hoped 
from his election, as he avowed the object of his 
administration to be " to destroy any sectional 
party, whether North or South, and to restore, if 
possible, that national fraternal feeling between the 
different States that had existed during the early 

* A few months after Buchanan's inauguration, a disastrous 
revulsion took place in the mercantile world. Banks suspended, 
factories closed, many merchants failed, and a general panic pre- 
vailed. It was some months before business revived and the coun- 
try recovered its >ronted prosperity. 



286 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

days of the Republic." But, as we shall see, sec- 
tional jealousy was too strong to yield to pleasant 
persuasions. A fearful contest was soon at hand. 

3. Trouble With the Mormons. — The Mormons, of 
Utah, had for several years defied the authority of 
the United States, acknowledging no Governor but 
Brigham Young.* They had also been otherwise 
defiant, and the Government was compelled to send 
troops to humble them (1857). At first the Mor- 
mons prepared to resist; but afterward wisely 
accepted offers of pardon. {See also Tyler's Ad- 
ministration, Topic 8.) 

4. The "Dred Scott Decision." — The Supreme 
Court of the United States, in 1857, through Chief 
Justice Taney, declared that slave-owners might 
take their slaves into any State in the Union with- 
out forfeiting authority over them. 

" Scott and his wife were slaves belonging to a 
surgeon in the United States army. They were 
taken into and resided in Illinois and at Fort Snel- 
ling, in territory where, by the ordinance of 1787, 
slavery was forever prohibited. Afterward, they 
were carried into Missouri, where they and their 
children were held as slaves. They claimed free- 
dom on the ground that by the act of their master, 
they had been taken into free territory." The de- 
cision of the Court against them created intense 
excitement throughout the North. 

5. John Brown's Raid.— October 16, 1859, John 

«He died in 1877, and was succeeded by John Taylor, who 
is now (1881) the Mormon High Priest. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 287 

Brown,* with a company of twenty-one men, be- 
lieving he would be justified in taking the law into 
his own hands, seized upon the United States 
Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and proclaimed 
freedom to all the slaves in that vicinity. United 
States troops arrested him and his band after some 
resistance, and he, with six of his associates, was 
tried, convicted of treason, and hanged. This act 
of Brown was regarded by the South as indicative 
of Northern sentiment, and the most intense ani- 
mosity was aroused. This was th^ forerunner of 
the Great Civil "War. 

6. Japanese Visitors. — The summer of 1860 was 
signalized by the arrival of a magnificent embassy 
from the empire of Japan. It consisted of seventy- 
one persons, who were regarded with great interest 
and entertained as the guests of the nation. After 
delivering the treaty which they had brought from 
their government, and shrewdly examining the 
many inventions and improvements which they 
now saw for the first time, they returned to their 
own land with many specimens of American in- 
genuity and industry. 

7. Three Free States Admitted. — During Buchan- 
an's Administration — 

Minnesota was admitted as the thirty-second 
State, May 11, 1858. 

Oregon was admitted as the thirty-third State 
February 14, 1859. 

*John Brown and his four grown sons became prominent in 
Kansas in their armed opposition to the pro-slavery element. " His 
invasion of Virginia with so small a number of followers would 
seem to indicate his insanity at the time." 



288 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Kansas was admitted as the thirty-fourth State 
January 29, 1861. 

8. Settlement of These States. — Minnesota was 
settled at Fort Snelling in 1819. It derived its 
name from the Minnesota river — an Indian word 
signifying " Cloudy Water." St. Paul was founded 
in 1846 by emigrants from the Eastern States. 

Oregon was settled at Fort Astoria in 1811 by 
the American Fur Company, of which John Jacob 
AsTOR* was a prominent member. It derived its 
name from the Spanish word — oregano — the name 
of a plant abundant on the coast. 

The exact date of the settlement of Kansas is 
unknown, but is supposed to have been about 1685. 
It derived its name from an Indian word meaning 
*' Smoky Water." 

SECTIOJ^ lY. 

LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION.— THE GREAT CIVIL 

WAR. 

1861—1865. 

1. Election of 1860. — The Crisis. — Four candidates 
were nominated for the Presidency in 1860. The 
Republicans supported Abraham Lincoln; one 

"••■ John Jacob Astor was born near Heidelberg, Germany. At 
the age of sixteen, he went to London to work for his brother, a 
maker of musical instruments. "He worked at that trade until 
the close of the American Eevolution, when he started for Balti- 
more with some musical instruments, which he proposed to sell on 
commission. During the passage he became acquainted with a 
fur trader, who revealed the profit to be made in furs ; and Astor, 
acting on this, exchanged his instruments for furs on his arrival, 
and thus began a business, which, before long, assumed colossal 
proportions. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



289 



wing of the Democracy voted for Stephen A Doug- 
las — the other for John C. Breckniridge ; * the 
*' Constitutional Unionists," a new party, whose 
motto was " The Union, the Constitution and the 
Enforcement of the Laws," nominated John Bell, 
of Tennessee 
Hannibal Hamlin as Vice-President. 



Ah rah am Lincohi was elected, with 




Abraham Lincoln. 

2. Abraham Lincohi. — He was a lawyer, and had 
attained distinction in his profession. He was sev- 

* John Cabell Breckinridge was a major in the Mexican War, 
and was afterward elected to the Kentucky Legislature. He was 
twice elected to the House of Kepresentatives, and in 1860, was 
sent to the Senate, where, after defending the Southern Confeder- 
acy, he left to join the Confederate army. He took an active part 
in several of the most important conflicts of the Civil War, After 
the close of the war, he went to Europe, remaining a few years. 
He died in 1875 at his home in Kentucky. 
19 



290 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

eral times elected to the Legislature of Illinois, an(J 
was also elected to Congress, becoming one of the- 
leaders of the Republican party in that body. He 
had great patience, firmness, honesty, and magna- 
nimity. 

3. Effect of Lincoln's Election. — The election of 
Lincoln fanned to a blaze the slumbering sparks of 
civil war. The Southern statesmen claimed that 
he had been elected by a party opposed to the in- 
terests of the South, and especially pledged to th& 
overthrow of slavery. A State Convention was 
held at Charleston, South Carolina, on December 
20th, 1860, which declared that '•Hhe union before 
existing between South Carolina and other States, un- 
der the name of the United States of America was dis- 
solved.'' By the 1st of February, 1861, six other 
States — Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, 
Louisiana, and Texas — passed ordinances of seces- 
sion. The separated States formed a union under 
the title of The Confederate States of America^ 
Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was chosen Presi- 
dent, and Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia, 
Vice-President. 

4. Jefferson Davis. — He was born in Kentucky 
in 1808, and was educated at the Military Acad- 
emy at West Point. He did gallant service in the 
Seminole and Mexican Wars, and was afterward 
United States Senator from Mississippi. He was- 
Secretary of War during Pierce's Administration. 

5. Remote Causes of the Civil War. — The question 
of slavery — as the intelligent student will observe 
— was agitated from the time the Federal Consti- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 291 

tution was adopted till the war freed the slaves. 
It was the prime cause of ithe great conflict. 

The sectional difference between the North and 
the South had its source in the different construc- 
tion put upon the Constitution by the people of 
the two sections, and in the difference of climate, 
which greatly modified the character and habits of 
the people; also, while the agricultural pursuits 
and staple products of the South made slave labor 
profitable, the mechanical pursuits and the more 
varied products of the North made it unprofitable.* 
These antagonisms — settled first by the Missouri 
Compromise of 1820; re-opened by the tariff of 
1828 ; calmed by Clay's Compromise tariff; intensi- 
fied by the annexation of Texas, and the consequent 
war with Mexico ; irritated by the Wilmot Proviso ; 
lulled for a time by the Omnibus Compromise 
(1850); awakened anew by the "squatter sover-, 
eignty" policy of 1853; made furious by the agi- 
tation in Kansas ; run riot by the Dred Scott de- 
cision; the attempted execution of the Fugitive 
Slave Law; and the John Brown raid — had now 
reached a climax where the only remedy was War. 

6. Mistaken Ideas of Both Sections. — Both the 
North and the South misunderstood each other. 
The people of the South believed that the Northern 
people were so engaged in pecuniary greed and so 

* There were also other causes of alienation. A feeling of 
jealousy and suspicion existed, arising from the little intercourse 
between the two extremes. The publication of sectional books — 
generally filled with ridicule and falsehood — whose popularity 
depended on the animosity between the two sections, did much to 
embitter the sectional hatred. 



292 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

weakened by habits of luxury, that they could send 
to the field mercenary soldiers' only, whom the pat- 
riotic Southerners could easily beat. Cotton being 
the great staple of the South, they thought Eng- 
land and France were so dependent upon them for 
that article, that their government would be recog- 
nized and defended by those trans-atlantic powers. 
On the other hand, the people of the North did not 
believe that the South would dare to fight to up- 
hold slavery, since it had 4,000,000 slaves exposed 
to the chances of war. They thought the action 
of the Southerners was all bluster, and hence paid 
little heed to the threat of dissolving the Union. 
Both sadly learned their mistake only too late. 

7. Preparations for War. — The ITorth, believing 
there would not be any war of much consequence, 
and fearing to precipitate matters, remained in- 
active; while, on the contrary, the South made 
vigorous preparations to carry out their expressed 
determination. United States forts, arsenals, mints, 
custom-houses, and ships, located in the Southern 
States, were seized. Companies and regiments 
were organized in all the towns and cities, and 
were drilled in the art of war. General P. G. T. 
Beauregard (bo'-ra-gard),^ an able tactician, was 
appointed commander-in-chief of the Confederate 
army. 

*General Beauregard, one of the most efficient generals of the 
South, was educated at West Point. He did gallant service in the 
Mexican war, first as captain and afterward as major. After that 
war he was engaged in the improvement of harbors and rivers, and 
the erection of defenses on the Gulf of Mexico. He also after- 
ward had charge of the construction of the custom-house and other 
public works at New Orleans. At the opening of the Civil War 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 293 

8. The "Star of the West."— On January 9th, 
(1861,) the steamer Star of the West, carrying troops 
and supplies to Fort Sumter, a United States fort 
in Charleston harbor, commanded by Major Ander- 
son, was tired upon and driven back. 

9. The Situation. — This decided action alarmed 
the North and roused it from the lethargy into 
which it had fallen. President Buchanan did 
nothing to avert the impending conflict. His Cabi- 
net largely sympathized with the Secessionists. 
The regular army was small, and widely scattered. 
The navy had been sent to distant ports. Mean- 
while, all was energy and activity in the seceded 
States. Officers in the United States army and navy 
were daily resigning and joining the Confederacy. 
There were, however, many Union sympathizers in 
the South, and they were greatly abhorred by their 
Southern neighbors. 

Lincoln being advised that an attempt would be 
made to assassinate him, traveled to Washington 
secretly and in disguise. He was inaugurated 
March 4th, 1861, guarded by loyal troops. 

The day after Lincoln's inauguration commis- 
sioners arrived from the Confederate Congress to 
open negotiations and to settle questions arising 
from secession. The Government refused to recog- 
nize the right of secession ; and throughout the 
whole conflict regarded the revolted States as a 
part of the Union, though in arms and unrepre- 
sented in Congress. 

be immediately entered the Confederate army as brigadier general, 
attaining during the war the highest rank. He is now in retire- 
ment at New Orleans. 



294 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



EVENTS OF 1861. 



1. The Beginning— Capture of Fort Sumter. — Fort 

Sumter in Charleston Harbor, garrisoned by sev- 




enty-nine U. S. soldiers in command of Major 
Robert Anderson, Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, 
Florida, which had been saved by the forethought 
and bravery of Lieut. Slemmer, and the two forts— 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



295 



Taylor and Jefi'erson — at the southern extremity 
of Florida, were the only government property in 
the seceded States not seized by the Confederates. 
April 11th Gen. Beauresrard summoned Fort Sum- 





Viiiiiit 



ter to surrender. This not being complied with 
fire was opened on it the next day (April 12).* 

* The first shot of the Civil War was fired at twenty minutes 
past four o'clock in the morning, by Edmund Ruffin, of Virginia, 



296 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

After a heavy bombardment of a day and a half, 
Maj. Anderson was obliged" to evacuate on the 
14th — the fort having been set on fire by hot shot. 
The garrison was allowed the honors of war. I^o 
lives were lost on either side. 

2. Effects of Sumter's Fall. — The news of the cap- 
ture of Fort Sumter electrified the whole country. 
The South became a unit, and the ]^orth,now fully 
aroused to the realities of the situation, prepared 
vigorously for war. On April 15th President Lin- 
coln issued a requisition for 75,000 troops. 300,000 
volunteers answered the call. The war spirit per- 
vaded every part of the country. Lincoln's procla- 
mation was followed two days after by one from 
Davis, offering " letters of marque " and reprisal to 
all persons who in private armed vessels would 
prey upon the commerce of the North. This was 
followed, April 19th, by another proclamation from 
Lincoln, declaring the ports of the seceded States 
in a state of blockade. 

3. First Blood of the War.— The first blood of 
the war was spilled in the streets of Baltimore, 
April 19th, when a regiment of Massachusetts 
militia, on its way to the defense of the threatened 
capital, was fired upon and several men were 
killed. 

4. Four Other States Secede.— Upon the fall of 
Sumter four more States passed ordinances of 
secession, namely : Virginia, April 17th ; Arkan- 
sas, May 8th; North Carolina, May 20th; and 
Tennessee, June 8th. Thus making eleven States 
in the Confederacy out of fifteen slave States. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



297 



Strong efforts were made to induce Missouri to 
leave the Union, but without success. Kentucky 
declared her intention of maintaining an armed 
"neutrality." Delaware and Maryland evinced no 
disposition to link their fortunes with the Southern 
cause. 




Confederate Flag — " Stars and Bars." 

5. The Rival Flags. — The Confederate flag — the 
" Stars and Bars " — was conspicuously displayed 
everywhere in the South ; the " Stars and Stripes," 
everywhere in the North. 

6. Harper's Ferry Seized. — The Confederates 
seized the U. S. Armory at H&rper's Ferry and the 
Kavy Yard at Norfolk, Va. Richmond, Va., be- 
came the Capital of the new republic. ISTeicher the 
North nor the South thought the war would last 
more than ninety days; but how much were they 
deceived ! 



298 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



7. The Seceded States. — The eleven States that 
formed the Southern Confederacy were : 

South Carolina seceded D&cember 20th, 1860. 
Mississippi seceded January 9th, 1861. 




Alabama seceded January 11th, 1861. 
Florida seceded January 11th, 1861. 
Georgia seceded January 19th, 1861. 
Louisiana seceded January 26th, 1861. 
Texas seceded February 1st, 1861. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



299 



Virginia seceded April 17th, 1861. 
Arkansas seceded May 8th, 1861. 
ISTorth Carolina seceded May 20th, 1861. 
Tennessee seceded June 8th, 1861. 




8. Operations in Virginia.— In May the Union 
iorces occupied the vicinity of Washington and the 
city of Alexandria. Fortress Monroe in Sotnh- 



300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

eastern Virginia, had been garrisoned by 15,000 
Union men under General B. F. Butler. On the 
10th of June Butler was repulsed at the battle of 
Big Bethel, Ya., with heavy loss. 

9. West Virginia. — Soon after the secession of 
Virginia the people of the northwestern part of 
the State, who were Unionists, desired a separation 
from the other section. The General Government 
favored the movement, and the Southerners at- 
tempted to prevent it. It was, however, erected 
into a distinct State under the name of West Vir- 
ginia, and on June 30th, 1863, it was admitted as 
the 35th State. 

10. Battle of Bull Run. — Bull Run, at Manassas 
Junction, on the railroad between Richmond and 
Washington, about thirty miles from the latter city, 
was the scene of the first great battle of the Civil 
War. Twenty thousand Confederate troops, under 
command of Beauregard, had collected at this point 
to defend Richmond, their capital. Gen. Joseph 
E. Johnston,* with 8,000 men, was at Winchester, 
fifty miles distant. The commander of the Union 
forces in and about Washington was Gen. Irwin 

* Gen. Joseph E. Johnston probably did more for the Confed- 
erate cause than any general, except Lee. He had acquired ex- 
tensive experience in the wars against the Florida Indians, and 
in the Mexican War, gaining promotion for his gallantry. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



301 



On 



o'Fre'SericU 



m m at^ftmtmt 




McDowell, who had some 40,000 volunteers. 
Sunday, July 21st, 
the Federal forces, 
under the general 
leadership of the 
c o m m a n d e r-i n- 
chief, Lieut. Gen. 
Scott, opened the 
attack,sanguine of 
victory. Thou- 
sands of spectators 
from "Washington 
and vicinity were 

within siffht, in 

carriages and Maj^assas Junction and Vicinity, 1861. 
other vehicles, to witness — as they believed — a 
Union victory. At first the Confederates lost 
ground, when the reserve under the command 
of Gen. T. J. Jackson, afterward called "Stone- 
wall,"* came into action, and the aspect of the bat- 
tle was somewhat changed. The fight was now hotly 
contested by both sides. The Confederates were 
being worsted, when Johnston's command from 
"Winchester, led by Gen. Kirby Smith, appeared, and 
attacking the Federal troops on the right flank, 
the tide of battle was turned. The Federal soldiers 
were thrown into confusion, and panic-stricken, 
scattered in hasty retreat back to "Washington, ut- 

* In rallying the retreating Confederates, General Bee shouted : 
"See, there's Jackson standing like a stone-wall/" Hence the 
name. 



302 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



terly routed. The total loss of the Confederates in 
killed, wounded, and missing was about 2,000 ; that 




Stonewall Jackson. 

of the Federals was 3,000 and a largo number of 
cannon and muskets. 

11. Effect of the Battle of Bull Run.— This disas- 
trous defeat of the Federal army depressed the 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



305 



North and encouraged the South. It also con- 
vinced both sections that the war would be long^ 




George B. McClellan. 

and bloody. The North saw that her soldiers must 
be trained — that brave volunteers without military 



304 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

discipline would not suffice to fight Americans such 
as the Southerners were. Gen. George B. McClel- 
LAN,* an able military organizer, was placed in 
command of the Army of the Potomac, and under 
his discipline the Union volunteers were drilled to 
do more effective service. This army numbered 
150,000 men. Congress soon voted 500,000 men 
and $500,000,000 to prosecute the war. 

12. Battle of Ball's BlufT.— On October 21st a de- 
tachment of 6,000 Union soldiers Avas defeated at 
the battle of Ball's Bluff, Virginia, by a Confeder- 
ate force of 1,700 men under General Evans. 
Colonel Baker, United States Senator from Oregon, 
was among the killed. 

13. The Blockade. — President Lincoln had de- 
clared the ports south of Maryland to be in a state 
of blockade. Vessels were stationed at all the 
points of entry, and kept such a vigilant watch 
that the South was nearly cut off from intercourse 
with the rest of the world. The Union ISTavy 
rapidly increased in number and strength. Power- 
ful gunboats were constructed which were the dread 
of the South. 

*The aged General Scott, who had been placed in command of 
the Union armies, soon after resigned, and McClellan became 
commander-in-chief. General McClellan had graduated at West 
Point with high honors. He distinguished liimself in the Mexi- 
can War, being breveted first lieutenant and also captain. He 
was a skillful engineer, and in 1855 was aj)pointed b^v the Govern- 
ment to visit the seat of the Crimean War. His report on the 
"Organization of European Armies and Operations in the Crimea," 
was published on his return. He also wrote other works on mili- 
tary tactics. In 1864 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the 
Presidency. In 1878 he was elected Governor of New Jersey. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 305 

The Confederates had no regular navy, but their 
daring privateers did them good service. 

The naval operations during the first year of the 
war, were the capture by the Federals of Ilatteras 
lulet, North Carolina, and the defenses at Port 
lioyal Harbor, South Carolina. 

14. Battles of Belmont and Wilson's Creek.— The 

Confederates strove hard to force Missouri out ot 
the Union, but the Federals kept her in. The re- 
eult of this contention was that the State suffered 
from incursions of both armies. August 10th 5,000 
Federals under General Lyon attacked a Confeder- 
ate force of 8,000 men under Generals McCulloch 
and Price, at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, 
Missouri. The Federals were defeated and Gen. 
Lyon was killed. 

November 7th a force of Union troops attacked 
a detachment of Confederates stationed at Belmont, 
Mo., on the Mississippi. At first the Confederates 
were worsted, but being re-enforced from the Ken- 
tucky side of the river, the Union troops were re- 
pulsed with heavy loss. 

The Confederate Army was, in time, forced to 
abandon the State. 

15. Confederate Commissioners Captured. — The Con- 
federate Government sent two Commissioners — J. 
Slidell and J. M. Mason — to England and France 
to solicit recognition and aid. On their passage 
thither in November, they were intercepted by 
Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S. Navy, who took them 
from the British steamer Trent. The British au- 

20 



306 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

thorities resented the action and threatened to 
declare war against the Federals. The Federal 
Government disavowed the course of Wilkes, and 
the Commissioners were permitted to proceed to> 
their destination. The South fully expected that 
England and France would recognize their inde- 
pendence, but those powers never saw fit to do so, 
though their sympathies were with the Southern 
cause. 

16. Affairs at the Close of 1861.— The condition 
of the Federals at the close of the first year of the 
war was more promising than at the opening. 
The Confederates had generally been successful in 
the various encounters that took place. The minor 
battles of the year in which the Union forces were 
successful were : Philippi, Va., June 3 ; Boone- 
ville, Mo., June 17 ; Hich Mountain, Ya., July 11 ; 
Carrick's Ford, Va., July 14 ; Carnifex Ferry, Va., 
September 10 ; Dranesville, Va., December 20. 

Business had revived and systematic preparations 
for the contest were made. The Federal Army 
had been increased to 660,000 men, trained for 
efifective service. Ample provision for carrying on 
the war had been voted by Congress, and aftairs 
were managed with forethought and tact. 

On the other hand, the Confederates, though 
hampered by the blockade, heroically endured 
many privations for their cause, and cherished a 
resolute determination to gain their independence. 
They exhibited wonderful firmness, fortitude, and 
availability, in consideration of their limited re- 
sources and the overwhelming odds against them. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 307 



EVENTS OF 1862. 



1. Campaign of 1862. — The year's campaign, on 
the part of the North, had three main objects: 

(1) The opening of the Mississippi ; (2) the more 
thorough blockade of the Southern ports; and (3) 
the capture of Richmond. The Memphis and 
Chattanooga railroad, with a branch to Richmond 
and one to Charleston, was the only direct lin& 
from the Mississippi eastward that the Confederates 
had. To retain possession of this road, by which 
they obtained nearly all their supplies and men 
from beyond the Mississippi and above Vicksburg, 
they constructed a chain of forts from Columbus on 
the Mississippi to Bowling Green, Kentucky, and 
also north of the road. These forts were under 
the command of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston* 
with 60,000 men. Fort Henry on the Tennessee 
and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland were the 
most important points of defense. 

2. Battle of Mill Spring. — The first important 
movements of the year were in Kentucky. Early 
in January Col. Garfield! drove out a Confeder- 
ate force under Col. Humphrey Marshall, from the 
eastern part of the State; and on the 19th the 

*Albert Sidney Johnston was a graduate of West Point, and 
afterward served in the Black Hawk War. He also attained chief 
command of the Texan forces ; and in the Mexican War, served as 
a volunteer. 

tJAMES A. Garfield, now President of the United State* 
(1881). 



308 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Federals under G^n. Geo. II. Thomas* gained a 
victory at Mill Spring, over Generals Crittenden 
and ZoLLicoFFER, the latter being killed in the 
action. 

3. Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. — A fleet 
of gun-boats under Commodore A. H, FooTE,f and 
an army of 17,000 men, under Gen. Ulysses S. 
Grant, reduced Fort Henry, February 6th. J On 
the 14th, Grant, with 15,000 men, in conjunction 
with Foote's gun-boats, attacked Fort Donelson, 
but was repulsed with heavy loss. On the 15th 
10,000 Confederates made a sortie and attempted 
to force their way through the Union lines, intend- 
ing to escape to Nashville. They were driven back 

* George Henry Thomas graduated at West Point in 1840; 
served in the Seminole and Mexican Wars ; and performed an im- 
portant part in the Civil War. His stand at Chickamauga (See 
Events of 1863, Topic 8) is accounted one of the most heroic events 
of the war. He died in 1870. 

tAndrew Hull Foote entered the Navy in 1822. In 1861 he 
was made flag officer of the Western naval fleet, and had charge 
of the construction of the gun-boats to be used. He died in 1863, 
when about to take command of the South Atlantic Squadron. He 
was a man of great moral and physical courage, and gained the 
respect and admiration of the entire Navy. 

J On February 8th, the Federals, under Gen. Ambrose E. 
BuRNSiDE and Commodore Goldsborough, entered Hatteras Inlet, 
and, after encountering a severe storm and a brave resistance, cap- 
tured Eoanoke Island (memorable as the site of Sir Walter Ra- 
leigh's colony) and 3,000 men. Goldsborough's fleet in other ex- 
peditions to various points along the Atlantic coast, destroyed 
several Confederate vessels, and seized valw.able stores and ord- 
nance. March 14th, Burnside, supported bv gun-boats, took pos- 
session of Newbern, N. C; and on the 25th of April they captured 
Beaufort {bu''-fort), and reduced Fort Macon, which defended the 
entrance to the harbor. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 309 

after hard fighting. Grant's army had in the mean- 
time been re-enforced, till he now had 27,000 sol- 
diers; and on the 16th he was about to renew the 
assault, when Gen. S. B. Buckner, the commander 
of Fort Donelson, surrendered with 15,000 men. 
The whole Federal loss was 2,000 men, 400 of whom 
were killed; the Confederate loss in killed and 
wounded was about half that number. 

4. Effect of These Captures. — The whole line of 
Confederate defenses was now abandoned; Nash- 
ville and Columbus fell into Federal hands, and the 
Mississippi was free as far as Island No. 10, which 
was taken soon after. * 

5. Battle of Shiloh. — Shiloh meeting-house was 
situated two miles from the Tennessee River, near 
Pittsburg Landing, in southern Tennessee. Here, 
on the 6th and 7th of April, was fought the blood- 
iest battle that had yet taken place. Thirty thou- 
sand Confederates, under Generals A. S. Johnstom 
and Beauregard, attacked the encampment of Gen. 
Grant, taking it completely by surprise. The Con- 
federates drove the Union Army back down the 

♦After abandoning Columbus, Ky., the Confederates took a 
strong position on Island No. 10, in the Mississippi, preventing the 
navigation of that river. The Federals, under Gen. Pope, on the 
14th of March, dislodged a body of Confederates from New Madrid, 
opposite the Island, on the Missouri side, and co-operated with 
Commodore Foote for the capture of the island and its garrison. 
After a bombardment of three weeks, the Confederates withdrew ; 
but Pope's forces cut off their retreat, taking about 5,000 prisoners. 
Fort Pillow was soon after taken, which opened the way to Mem- 
phis, Tenn., which, after a severe naval engagement, surrendered 
on June 6th. 



310 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

river, badly beaten. Darkness prevented further 
pursuit, and ended the light of the 6th. Grant 
received re- enforcements during the night, and the 
next morning renewed the tight and reversed the 
result of the day before, driving the Confederates 
from the field. The dashing Johnston was mor- 
tally wounded in this battle. The Confederates 
lost 11,000 men ; Federals, 15,000. 

6. Effect of this Battle. — This sanguinary contest, 
sometimes called the battle of Pittsburg Landing, 
was of great advantage to the North. The Con- 
federates yielded up Corinth, Fort Pillow, and Mem- 
phis. The Memphis road was also lost to them. 

7. Battle of Pea Ridge. — In the beginning of the 
year Gen. Curtis entered Arkansas from Missouri, 
and took position at Pea Ridge, among the moun- 
tains. Here, on March 6th, he was attacked by an 
army of 20,000 Confederates and Indians, under 
McCulloch, McIntosh, and Pike. After a hard 
fought battle lasting two days the Federals were 
victorious. McCulloch and Mcintosh were both 
killed and their men obliged to retreat toward 
Texas. The Union loss was the most severe, and 
the battle was barren of results. 

8. Fall of New Orleans.— On April 24th Commo- 
dore D. G. Farragut* with his fleet forced his way 

* Commodore Farragut began his naval career at the early 
age of eleven, on board the "Esaex " in the War of 1812. He was 
the most illustrious naval officer of the Union in the Civil War. 
After the war, he was appointed to the command of a European 
squadron, and everywhere received tokens of high respect from 
the foreign powers. He died at the Portsmouth navy-yard, in 
1870. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 311 

up the Mississippi from the Gulf, passed the Con- 
federate forts and other obstructions, and captured 
New Orleans, April 28th. It was at this time 
poorly prepared for defense, except by the obstruc- 
tions just mentioned, as the Confederates had with- 
drawn most of their available force to Corinth and 
West Tennessee. Great numbers of steamers and 
ships and vast quantities of cotton were burned by 
order of the Governor of Louisiana, to prevent them 
from falling into the hands of the Union forces. 
The loss of New Orleans was a terrible blow to the 
Confederacy. 

9. The Merrimac and the Monitor. — On March 
8th an oddly shaped craft, in appearance like the 
roof of an immense building sunk to the eaves, 
slowly made its way among the Union shipping in 
Hampton Roads, Va. This was the Merrimac^ 
( Virginia, *) a Confederate iron-clad gun-boat. 
The frigate Congress and the sloop of war Cumber- 
la7id weve near, and the Merrimac steered toward 
them. The Cumberland fired a whole broadside 
against the iron-clad, hut the balls glanced ofl", do- 
ing no more damage than so many peas. The 
Merrimac thrust her iron beak clear through the 
hull of the Cumberland, making a large hole, into 
which the water rushed, and she sank with all on 
board, her colors still flying. The Congress, seeing 
the fate of her companion, ran ashore, but this did 
not save her ; the Merrimac riddled her with shot, 

*She was called the Virginia by the Confederates, and was 
blown up by them on the 11th of May, at which time Norfolk waa 
surrendered to the Union soldiers. 



312 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and her crew surrendered. Having done this mis- 
chief the Merrimac returned at night to Norfolk, 
intending to destroy the rest of the Union fleet the 
next day. That night the Monitor,^ a Union iron- 
clad, arrived, and the next morning, when the 
monster Merrimac made her appearance, she en- 
countered "the cheese-box on a raft," and the 
battle of the ironclads began. After four hours 
hard fighting, the Merrimac was obliged to retire 
considerably damaged, leaving the Monitor mistress 
of the field.f 

10. Siege and Capture of Yorktown. — At York- 
town, Virginia, the Confederates were strongly in- 
trenched — their works extending from the York 
River on the north to the James on the South. 
General McClellan, in command of the Army of 
the Potomac, commenced a siege of the place 
April 4th. During the month following, the Union 
forces made several unsuccessful assaults on the 

*"This 'Yankee cheese-box,' as it was nicknamed at the time, 
was the invention of Captain Ericsson. It was a hull, with the 
deck a few inches above water, and in the center a curious round 
tower made to revolve slowly by steam power, thus turning the two 
guns it contained in every direction. The upper part of the hull, 
which was exposed to the Confederates' fire, projected several feet 
beyond the lower part, and was made of thick white oak, covered 
with iron plating six inches on the sides and two inches on the 
deck." 

tThis engagement clearly showed the great superiority of iron- 
clads over wooden vessels, and led the Federal Government to 
build a number of Monitors with all despatch. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



31S 



works. On the morning of May 4th, after exten 
8 ive preparations " ~ " 



P E N N S p,VyV, A. If ItI\A. te 




for a final charge 
along the entire 
line, the Federals 
awoke to find the 
Confederates had 
left in the night, 
and they entered 
the place without 
opposition. 

On the evacua- 
tion of Yorktown, 
Norfolk was aband- 
oned by the Con- 
federates, the Navy 
Yard burned, and 
the famous Merri- 
mac blown up. Fed- ^^^ 
eral troops then 
took possession of Norfolk. 

11. Battle of Williamsburg.— After leaving York- 
town, the Confederates, hotly pursued by a division 
of the Union Army under Major General Winpield 
S. Hancock, were overtaken at Williamsburg, 
twenty miles up the Peninsula, at which place ex- 
tensive fortifications had been erected, guarding the 
•road to Richmond. May 5th the Confederates were 
defeated, and continued their retreat to Richmond, 
closely pressed by General Hancock's troops to 
withm seven miles of the Confederate capital. 



SCENE OF THE Campaign in Virginia, Mary- 
land AND Pennsylvania, 1862- 



814 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

12. Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley. — There 
were at this time in Virginia three other Federal 
armies besides McClellan's, under the respective 
commands of Generals Fremont, Banks and 
McDowell. It was the purpose of the Federals to 
combine McDowell's forces — 40,000 strong — with 
those of McClellan, to augment the vast army that 
threatened Richmond. To prevent this. General 
J. E. Johnston, Confederate commander-in-chief, 
directed "Stonewall" Jackson to attack the Fed- 
eral forces in the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson, by 
rapid marches, drove Fremont's army back into 
"West Virginia. Defeating Banks at "Winchester, 
and forcing him to retreat to the Potomac, Jackson 
threatened Washington, but was hotly pursued 
by the combined forces of Fremont, Banks, and 
McDowell. At Cross Keys and Port Eepublic, 
June 8th and 9th, battles were fought, in which the 
Confederates were defeated, but Jackson, with his 
army, escaped and finally joined the main army 
near Richmond. 

13. Battle of Fair Oaks.— On May 31st a part of 
McClellan's army which had crossed the Chicka- 
hominy was furiously attacked by the Confederates 
under Johnston. This battle, called Fair Oaks, or 
Seven Pines, lasted part of two days, neither party 
being the gainer. Gen. Johnston having been 
severely wounded in this action. Gen. Robert E. 
Lee * was assigned (June 3rd) to command of the 
army in front of Richmond. Lee retained the 
command until the close of the war. 

*See " Closing Conflicts," Topic 8, (Events of 1864-1865). 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 315 

14. The Seven Days' Battles. — McClellan was pre- 
paring to advance on Richmond, when he heard 
that Jackson had appeared near Hanover Court 
House and threatened the Union rear. He was, 
therefore, compelled to change his base. Harrison's 
Landing on James River was decided on, and the 
movement in that direction immediately com- 
menced. On the 26th of June Lee attacked a part 
of McClellan's army at Mechanicsville, and was re- 
pulsed with loss. The Federal troops retired to 
Gaines's Mill, where they were again attacked and 
defeated. Continuing the retreat, the Union Army 
crossed the Chickahominy to the south bank. The 
next day they were flanked at Savage's Station, but 
were saved from annihilation by superior general- 
ship. At Frazier's Farm on the 30th, the Confed- 
erates under Generals Longstreet and Hill at- 
tacked the retreating army, but could not break 
the line. At Malvern Hill, July 1st, the Army of 
the Potomac fought the last battle of the seven 
days' retreat, and drove Lee's army from the field, 
ending the pursuit. Thus was accomplished what 
is conceded by military tacticians to have been ocie 
of the most masterly movements on record: 
" change of base in the presence of the enemy." 

15. Effect of McClellan's Campaign.— Though Mc- 
Clellan's retreat from the advance on Richmond 
was skillfully conducted, yet the contemplated siege 
of the Confederate capital was baffled. Ten thou- 
sand prisoners had been taken by the Confederates, 
and immense quantities of military supplies cap- 
tured or destroyed. The North was much dis- 



316 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

couraged, but responded to a requisition of Presi- 
dent Lincoln for 300,000 more men. 

16. Cedar Mountain and Second Bull Run. — On 

July 11th Gen IlALLECKwas appointed commander- 
in-chief of the Union Armies. All the forces in 
northern Virginia were placed under Pope. Lee 
saw an advantage ; and, with " Stonewall " Jack- 
son, attacked a portion of Pope's army under Banks 
at Cedar Mountain, Va., August 9th. The Fede- 
rals were defeated. Jackson then destroyed the 
railroad between Pope's army and "Washington; 
and at Manassas captured a vast quantity of army 
stores of all descriptions. On August 29th Jack- 
son's army combined with Lee's and defeated Pope's 
forces in the bloody Second Battle of Bull Run. 
The Union troops were here utterly routed — Lee 
pursuing them for two days. 

17. Lee's Invasion of Maryland — Battle of Antie- 
tam. — At the battle of Chantilly, September 2nd, the 
pursuing Confederates gained a victory. At his 
own request Pope was relieved, and McClellan was 
again put in command of the Army of the Potomac. 
September 14th the Confederates were defeated at 
the battle of South Mountain, Md. On the same 
day, Jackson captured Harper's Ferry, taking 
12,000 prisoners, as many small arms, seventy-five 
pieces of artillery, and more than two hundred 
wagons. On the 17th the terrific battle of Antie- 
tam (An-tee'-tam) was fought between the com- 
bined forces of Lee and Jackson aggregating about 
60,000 men, and the Union army 90,000 strong un- 
der McClellan. The fight lasted fourteen hours, 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



317 



and the Confederates were badly defeated, losing 
over 12,000 men. The Union loss was about the 




Operations in Virginia, 1864 and 1865. 

same. Lee retreated, and, on the night of the 18th, 
crossed the Potomac into Virginia. 

18. Emancipation Proclamation. — On the 22nd of 
September, President Lincoln issued his celebrated 
" Emancipation Proclamation." It declared that 
" on the first day of January, 1863, all persons held 
as slaves within any State or designated part of a 
State, the people whereof shall be in rebellion 



318 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

against the United States, shall be then, thencefor- 
ward and forever free." {See also '■^Events of 1863," 
Topic 2.) 

19. Confederate Invasion of Kentucky. — Deter- 
mined not to give up Kentucky peaceably, the 
Confederates invaded the State in two corps ; one 
u/ider Gen. Kirby Smith ; the other under Gen. 
Braxton Bragg. * August 30th Smith's army 
routed the Federals at Richmond — the latter losing 
heavily. Lexington and Frankfort were both 
taken. Cincinnati was saved from capture only by 
the extraordinary exertions of Gen. Lew. Wallace. 
Bragg's army advancing from Chattanooga cap- 
tured at Mumfordsville, September 17th, a Federal 
division of 4,500 men. He then continued his 
march toward Louisville ; and would have taken 
that city had his rear not been closely pressed by 
General D. C. Buell, who, by forced marches from 
Tennessee, was rapidly overtaking him, and com- 
pelled him to turn back. Buell received re-enforce- 
ments from the North, swelling his army to 100,- 
000. The Confederates retreated to Perryville, 
Ky., where, October 8th, Bragg was overtaken, 
and a severe battle was fought.f The Confeder- 

* General Bragg was educated at West Point, and served in 
the Mexican War, receiving special promotion for gallantry. On 
the death of Albert Sidney Johnston at Shiloh, he'succeeded to the 
command. After the battle of Perryville he was relieved of the 
command, and placed under arrest by the Confederate authorities, 
but was almost immediately released, and restored to his former 
rauk. He was a great favorite of the Confederate President. Af- 
ter the war he was appointed chief-engineer in the improvements 
in Mobile Bay. 

t In the darkness, Bragg retreated and finally escaped with 
his plunder, which filled a wagon train forty miles long. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 319 

ates then continued their retreat to East Tennessee, 
taking with them nearly 4,000 wagons laden with 
the spoils of the campaign. 

20. Battle of Fredericksburg.— The Federal Gov- 
ernment was dissatisfied with the slow movements 
of McClellan, and, soon after the battle of Antie- 
tam. General Burnside* was appointed to super- 
sede him. On September 13th Buruside with 100,- 
000 men stormed the Confederate position in the 
rear of Fredericksburg, Va. Lee's army, 80,000 
strong, were strongly intrenched on the hills and 
bluiis back of the city. The carnage was terrible 
and ended only with the darkness of night. Col- 
umn after column of Federal troops charged the 
works, but were each time repulsed, being mowed 
down by thousands — losing over 12,000 in killed, 
wounded, and missing, while the total Confederate 
loss was one-third that number. 

21. Battles of luka and Corinth. — Many of Grant's, 
troops having been sent north to assist Buell, the 
Confederates, under Generals Price and Van Dorn, 
took advantage of the opportunity, and endeavored 
to re-gain Corinth. Thinking that he could cap- 
ture Price and then get back to Corinth before 
Van Dorn could reach it. Grant ordered Rosecrans 
to move upon luka. On September 19tb, Rose- 
crans worsted Price at the latter place ; and on 
October 4th, he repulsed a fierce attack on Corinth 
made by the combined forces of Van Dorn and 
Price. 

* General Ambrose E. Burnside received a military education 
at West Point, and after the Civil War, was made Governor of 
Khode Island. 



320 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

22. Battle of Murfreesborou^h. — Gen. Bragg on 
his retirement from Kentucky collected his forces, 
35,000 strong, at Murfreesborough, Tenn. Here 
he was attacked by General Rosecrans [rose'-kranz) 
with an army of 47,000 men. The battles which 
followed, December 31st, and January 1st and 2nd, 
1863, were fierce, and braveW fought. Several 
divisions of the Union army under Thomas and 
Hazen, respectively, did gallant service. The first 
battle (December 31st) was won by the Confeder- 
ates, but the last two days' fight resulted in the 
discomfiture of Bragg's army, which retreated 
southward. 

23. First Attempt to take Vieksburg. — Vicksburg 
was now the only strong point of the Confederates 
on the Mississippi ; and toward the close of this 
year (1862) Generals Grant and Sherman* under- 
took to conquer it. Grant made a depot for pro- 
visions and munitions of war at Holly Springs, 
Miss. His design was, however, foiled by General 
'Van Dorn, who captured the depot at Holly Springs 
and destroyed the army supplies there, the value 
of which was more than $4,000,000. Sherman, un- 

* William Tecumseh Sherman was a graduate of West Point, 
and served in the Seminole War, but took no part in the war with 
Mexico, as he was stationed during that time on the Pacific coast. 
In 1853 he engaged in banking in San Francisco and New York. 
Afterward he practiced law in Kansas, and in 1860 he became 
superintendent of the " Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and 
Military Academy " at Alexandria. While residing at St. Louis 
in 1861 he was appointed colonel in the regular army, command- 
ing a division at Bull Run. Grant attributed the Union success 
at Shiloh to the skill of Sherman. (See also Events of 1864-1865, 
Topic 12) Gen. Sherman was appointed General of the Army after 
Grant's resignation of the office, and still retains the position. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



321 



aware of Grant's misfortune, proceeded to carry- 
out his part of the plan, and (in December) at- 
tacked the Confederate fortifications on Haines's 
Bluff, thirteen miles above Vicksburg, but was re- 




WlLLIAM 



pulsed with great loss. Grant and Sherman now 
became convinced that Vicksburg could not be 
taken by direct assault, and abandoned the under- 
taking for the time. {See also ^'■Events of 1863," 
Tojpic 1.) 
21 



322 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

24. " Greenbacks." — The war was carried on by 
means of paper money called "greenbacks." These 
were first issued in this year (1862). At this time 
all the banks in the United States had suspended 
specie payments. As the war went on gold began 
to command a premium ; that is, greenbacks began 
to depreciate in value. In 1864 gold rose as high 
as 280 ; that is, $1 gold was worth $2.80 in green- 
backs. The Confederates also carried on the war 
by means of paper money, which, however, became 
almost worthless before the close of the war. 

25. The Sioux War. — During the latter part of 
this year (1862) the Sioux (soo) Indians perpetrated 
horrible massacres in Minnesota, Iowa, and Daco- 
tah. Hundreds of whites were killed, and many 
families driven from their homes. They were 
finally subdued by Gen. Sibley, who pursued them 
for a month and captured 500 of them. Thirty- 
nine were hung on one scafibld in Minnesota, De- 
cember 26th. {See also Grant's Administration^ 
Topic 22.) 

EVENTS OF 1863. 

1. The Fall of Vicksburg. * — In April Grant and 
Sherman determined again to attempt the conquest 
of Vicksburg. The object was to open the Missis- 

• General Sherman, to occupy his army till Grant could get 
his forces down from Memphis for this second attack, concerted 
with Admiral Porter a plan for capturing Arkansas Post, the key 
to the valley of the Arkansas Kiver. The plan was carried out by 
Gen. McClernand, and Arkansas Post with its garrison of 5,000 
men was captured, January 11th. Several other posts were also 
taken at this time. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



323 




sippi, which the Confederates commanded atVicks- 
burg, Grand Gulf, and Port Hudson. After several 
attempts to get in 
the rear of Yicks- 
burg and destroy 
the naval forces of 
the Confederates on 
Yazoo river, Grant 
on May 1st caused 
the Confederates 
to evacuate their 
strong position at 
Grand Gulf. Be- 
tween the 12th and 

17th of May the vicksburg and vicinity, ises. 

Union troops gained a succession of victories at Ray- 
mond, Jackson, Champion Hills and Big Black River 
Bridge — at the two places last named defeating 
Gen. Pemberton, who had sallied from Vicksburg 
with 25,000 men to attack their rear. This force 
was driven back. Two assaults having failed it 
was resolved to reduce the city by siege. The 
Federal guns kept up an incessant bombardment. 
The garrison held out as long as possible, but their 
brave endurance was vain. Provisions became 
scarce ; even the flesh of mules began to fail. At 
last, having no other resource, Pemberton, on July 
4th, was obliged to surrender his whole garrison, 
over 30,000 men, and a great quantity of war ma- 
terial. July 8th Port Hudson, with 6,200 men, 
surrendered to General Banks. The Mississippi 
W' as thus opened to the Gulf, and the Federals held 



324 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

undisputed swa}' of this great thoroughfare. The 
capture of Vicksburg was a heavy blow to the 
Confederacy. 

2. The Colored Troops. — General Banks's arm}'- 
at Port Hudson consisted in part of colored sol- 
diers. More than 50,000 negroes enlisted in the 
Federal service during 1863, and twice that number 
the next year. They were partly from the North- 
ern States, and partly freedmen emancipated under 
Lincoln's Proclamation, which took eft'ect January 
1st, 1863. {Sec ''Efcnts of 1862," Topic 18.) The 
Emancipation Proclamation met with much oppo- 
sition in the North, and was distasteful to many in 
the Union army. Numerous officers resigned and 
thousands of privates deserted, claiming that they 
did not fight the South to free the negro. The 
Southern soldiers entertained the most intense 
hatred toward these colored troops, and proclaimed 
death to white officers who would command them. 

3. Battle of Cliaucellorsville.— On the 2nd and 3rd 

of May General Hooker,* who had succeeded 
Burnside in command of the Army of the Poto- 
mac, engaged in battle with Lee and Jackson at 
Ohancellorsville, Va., ten miles from Fredericks- 
burg. Hooker's army consisted of 120,000 men; 
the Confederates had about half that number. This 
was a great battle, and the Union army was thor- 
oughly beaten, their loss being 17,000 men ; that of 

•Joseph Hooker, a graduate of West Point, did his first ser- 
vice in the Seminole War. In the Mexican War he gained dis- 
tinction and promotion. He was noted for his personal bravery, 
and was called " Fighting Joe." 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 325 

the Confederates, 13,000.* In this battle the fa- 
mous Confederate general, "Stonewall" Jackson 
was accidentally shot by his own men.f llis death 
was a severe loss to the Southern Army, lie was 
a truly noble man — pure-minded, magnanimous, 
and of unflinching courage. 

4. Lee's Second Invasion of the North — Battle of 
Gettysburg. — On the 26th of June the victorious 
army invaded Maryland — marching through the 
State into Pennsylvania. The whole North be- 
came alarmed. Gen. G. G. Meade, X who had suc- 
ceeded Hooker in command of the Union army, 
marched to intercept the bold invader; and at 
Gettysburg, Penn., July 1st, 2d, and 3d, the two 
armies engaged in terrible battle — the greatest and 
most important of the whole war. The fury of 
the conflict was indescribable. The field was lit- 

*General Stoneman's cavalry, co-operating wjth Hooker's 
movement, made a raid into Virginia, severing Confederate com- 
munication in every direction. A detacliment of them, under 
Colonel KiLPATRiCK, penetrated within two miles of llichmond, 
and reached the Union lines at Gloucester (gloo^-ster), opposite 
Yorktown, in safety. 

tin the evening, after his successful onslaught upon the flank 
of the Union line, while riding back to camp from a reconnoissance 
at the front, he was fired upon by his own men, who mistook his es- 
cort for Federal cavalry. 

X George Gordon Meade was a graduate of West Point, and 
served with distinction in the Seminole and Mexican Wars, For 
his gallant services in the latter, the citizens of Philadelphia pre- 
sented him with a sword. He was in the greatest conflicts of the 
Civil War, and for his hard-won victory at Gettysburg he received 
the thanks of Congress. He was the recipient of many honors 
after the war. His death occurred in 1872, and the people of 
Philadelphia subscribed $100,000 for his family. 



326 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



erally heaped with slain. Both sides fought with 
Herce determination, but the Confederates were 
finally overcome. The loss was very heavy on 
both sides. Lee was forced to retrace his steps to 




Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, 3, 18C3. 

Virginia. This great battle proved that the subju- 
gation of the seceded States was only a matter of 
time, but would require superior resources and 
overwhelming numbers. 

5. The Conscription Act. — In consequence of the 
passage of a conscription act by Congress in March 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 327 

by which the President was authorized to recruit 
the army, if necessary, by a draft, a serious riot oc- 
curred in New York City on July 13th. Excited 
mobs burned two blocks of houses containing the 
offices of provost {yrov'-ust) marshals, who were 
proceeding with the draft ; also the Colored Half- 
Orphan Asylum and other buildings. For three 
days a reign of terror prevailed. Thieves and 
malefactors of every grade joined the rioters, and 
the most fiendish outrages were perpetrated. More 
than 400 persons — mostly rioters — were killed, and 
over $2,000,000 worth of property destroyed. By 
the 16th of July, however, the disturbance was 
quelled. 

6. John Morgan's Raid. — In July Gen. John H. 
Morgan with 2,000 Confederates made a rapid raid 
through Kentucky into Indiana. The inhabitants 
of Indiana along his route turned out to defend 
themselves, but could not check the invaders. The 
raiders also traversed southern Ohio, helping them- 
eelves to fresh horses and provisions, destroying 
property and burning bridges. They were at last 
overtaken and most of them captured, July 21st, 
by a Union force under Gen. Hobson, who had fol- 
lowed close in their rear all the way from Ken- 
tucky. Morgan, himself, with the remnant of his 
men, was taken on the 26th near New Lisbon, 
Ohio. He was confined in the penitentiary at Col- 
umbus ; but four months after, he escaped, and 
reached Richmond in safety. 

7. Attack on Charleston. — On April 7th, a naval 
attack was made on the fortiticatipfig of Charleston 



328 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



harbor, by a strong force of iron-clads in command 
of Admiral Dupont ; but the attempt was a disas- 
trous failure. After this a land force under Gen. 
Q. A. GiLMORE was sent to co-operate with the 
fleet. Their combined forces, by regular siege ap- 
proaches and a terrible bombardment, captured 
Fort "Wagner (September 7) and crumbled the thick- 
walls of Fort Sumter (August 17-24). A destruc- 
tive bombardment had also been opened on the city 
of Charleston (distant about four miles from the 
Union batteries), which was mostly abandoned by- 
its inhabitants. 
8. Battle of Cliickaman^a.* — On September 19th 

n t h e Confederates 
under Bragg and 
Longstreet attack- 
ed the Union forces 
u n d e r Rosecrans 
and Thomas, near 
Chickamauga 
Creek, Ga. The 
battle raged furi- 
ously that day and 
the next. A por- 
tion of the Union 
army was thrown 
into confusion and 
fled to Chattanoo- 
ga ; but General 

Battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19, •20,',1863. ThomaS "like a 

lion at bay, repulsed the terrible assaults of 
the Confederates." His men, exhausted, fell 

* An Indian word meaning " Kiver of Death." 




NATIONAL PERIOD. 



329 



bac/C. Rosecrans, defeated and driven from the 
field, concentrated his forces at Chattanooga, where 
they were besieged for two months by Gen. Bragg. 
Their supplies were cut off" and they were threat- 
ened with starvation. 

9. Battle of Chattanooga. — Gen, Grant was now 




jffrrr? 



Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, Nov. 23-25, 1863. 

appointed to succeed Rosecrans, and he hastened 
to Chattanooga with 80,000 men to relieve the be- 
sieged army there. The Confederates under Bragg 
numbered about 60,000 and held positions of great 
strength, extending from the summit of Missionary 
Ridge to that of Lookout Mountain. In the mean- 
time Gen. Hooker had arrived with two corps from 



330 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the A.rmy of the Potomac, opened Tennessee river, 
and brought relief to the besieged. Gen. Sherman 
also arrived to re-enforce Grant ; and on the night 
of November 23rd he occupied the northern end of 
Missionary Kidge. Hooker on the 24th took pos- 
session of Lookout Mountain. Descending the 
eastern slope next morning at break of day, Hooker 
swept across Chattanooga Valley ; Sherman made 
a vigorous advance upon Bragg, who thrust for- 
ward all his available troops to check him. Grant 
from an elevated position saw that the critical mo- 
ment had come, and directed Thomas to take the 
rifle-pits at the foot of Missionary Ridge. * The 
Federals won the day, and Bragg retreated south- 
ward, f The Confederate Government removed 
Bragg, giving his command to General J. E. John- 
ston. 

This was the last military movement ot the year. 

*The orders were, after taking the rifle pits, to halt and re- 
form ; ''but the men forgot it all, carried the works at the base and 
then swept on up the ascent. Grant caught the inspiration, and 
ordered a grand charge along the whole front. Up they went, over 
rocks and chasms, all lines broken, the flags far ahead, each sur- 
rounded by a group of the bravest. Without firing a shot, and 
heedless of the tempest hurled upon them they surmounted the crest, 
captured the. guns, and turned them on the retreating Confeder- 
ates. That night the Union camp fires, glistening along the heights 
about Chattanooga, proclaimed the success of this the most bril- 
liant of Grant's achievements and the most picturesque of all the 
battles of the war." 

tAfter this battle Sherman was sent to the relief of Knoxville, 
■where Burnside had been besieged by a detachment of Bragg's 
army under Longtreet. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 331 

THE CLOSING CONFLICTS. 

1864—1865. 

1. Grant Made Lieutenant-General. — March 3d, 1864, 
Grant was made Lieutenant-General, in command 
of all the Union armies. This high rank had been 
borne by only two men — George Washington and 
Winfield Scott. The various armies were now to 
act in concert; before, they had operated inde- 
pendently. It was now decided that the strength 
of the Confederates lay in the armies of Lee in 
Virginia and of Johnston in Georgia. ^ Grant was 
to attack Lee; Sherman was to engage with John- 
ston; and both were to keep at work till the end 
was accomplished. 

2. Banks's Expedition. — Early in this year Banks 
made an expedition to the Red River region, and 
on March 13th captured Fort De Russey, in Louisi- 
ana. At Sabine {sab-een') Cross Roads, Louisiana, 
the Confederates routed a part of his army, April 
8th, but at Pleasant Hill, a few miles distant, re-en- 
forcements coming to his relief, he rallied his flying 
troops and repulsed the Confederates, April 9th. 
He then returned to New Orleans. His expedition 
was barren of good results, and he was soon re- 
lieved of the command. 

3. General Forrest's Raid. — So many troops had 
been sent to join Banks's Red River expedition 
that West Tennessee and Kentucky were left ex- 
posed to the Confederates. General Forrest cap- 
tured Union City, Tenn., March 24th ; occupied 
Hickman, Ky., and advanced upon Paducah, March 
25th, where, notwithstanding a bombardment of 



332 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the city by gun-boats at the river, and opposition 
by Federal soldiers occupying the fort in the vicin- 
ity, he obtained aniple supplies for his men and 
horses, — the object of his entrance into the city. 
He next went against Fort Pillow, Tenn., on the 
Mississippi, April 12th, which he captured by 
storm. His men, maddened by the sight of negro 
troops with which it was garrisoned, gave no quar- 
ter, and an indiscriminate slaughter followed. 

4. Battle of the Wilderness. — Grant, at the head 
of the Army of the Potomac 140,000 strong, en- 
gaged with the Confederate army of 60,000 under 
Lee, at a place called the Wilderness, near Chan- 
cellorsville, Va., May 5th-6th. This was a tangled 
thicket of pines and cedars. The battle was a hand 
to hand encounter with musketry — the dense woods 
preventing the use of artillery or cavalry. Keither 
party gained any advantage. 

5. Battle of Spottsylvania. — After the battle of 
the Wilderness Grant marched his army toward 
Spottsylvania Court House, Va., a few miles south- 
ward. He was headed ofi* by Lee ; and here from 
the 8th to the 12th of May — five days — a continuous 
battle was fought* resulting in no advantage to 
either army.f 

* During the terrible charges made on the Union line by the 
Confederates, a tree that stood between the two contending armies 
was literally hewn down by bullets, presenting the appearance be- 
fore it fell of an inverted cone placed upon an upright one, or of 
the picture of an hour-glass. The tree was white oak, and from 
twelve to eighteen inches in diameter. 

t On the 11th of May — the day before the termination of this 
battle — Grant sent to Washington these resolute words : " I pro- 
pose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer." 



, NATIONAL PERIOD. 333 

6. Battle of Cold Harbor. — After this, Grant at- 
tempted to flank Lee's army, but Lee perceiving 
the design, intrenched his army at Cold Harbor 
(Va). Here, on June 3rd, a murderous battle took 
place. "Twenty minutes after the first shot was 
fired, fully ten thousand Union men were stretched 
writhing on the sod, or still and calm in death, 
while the Confederate loss was a little over one 
thousand." The battle was discontinued by the 
Federal soldiers' refusing to prolong the slaughter. 

7. The Alabama and the Kearsarge. — The Confed- 
erate privateer Alabama, an English-built vessel, 
had been roaming the seas, pillaging and burning 
U. S, merchant ships ; but in 1864 her career was 
terminated. She w^as commanded by Captain 
Semmes* and manned mostly by British seamen. 
She had captured sixty-six U. S. vessels. After a 
short contest, June 15th, she was sunk by the Kear- 
sarge {keer'-sarj), Capt. Winslow, ofl^" the coast of 
France. {See also " Grant's Administration" Topic 6.) 

8. Capture of Atlanta. — In May, Sherman, in ac- 
cordance with preconcerted arrangements, pro- 
ceeded to attempt the capture of Atlanta, Georgia. 
In a desperate battle at Dalton — May 18th, 14th — 
he forced the Confederates, under Johnston, to- 
retreat. During the retreat — the Federals pursu- 
ing — battles were fought at Dallas, May 28th; at 
Lost Mountain, June ISth, 16th, 17th ; and at 
Kenesaw Mountain, June 18th and July 3d. The 

* Eaphael Semmes — styled the " Paul Jones of the Civil 
War " — gained his first experience in the Mexican War, serving 
on both ship and shore. 



334 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

advance of the Union army was thus delayed, and 
on July 10th the Confederates took refuge within 
their strong fortifications before Atlanta. John- 
ston, whose policy in thus retreating was loudly 
condemned by the Confederate Congress, was su- 
perseded by General Hood, who made three furious 
attacks upon the Union army before Atlanta (July 
20th, 22d, 28th), but was repulsed with much loss. 
Sherman now commenced a siege of the city. By 
skillful maneuvering he compelled Hood to evacu- 
ate, September 2nd. Thus the Confederates were 
losing their strongholds, one by one, and the pros- 
pects of the South began to wane rapidly. 

9. General Early's Raid. — Hoping to draw off 
Grant from the siege of Richmond, Lee sent Gen. 
Early to menace Washington. At Monocacy River 
Early defeated General Wallace and then appeared 
before Fort Stevens, one of the defenses of Wash- 
ington (July 10th). He was, however, forced to 
retreat across the Potomac, whence he sent a body 
of cavalry to burn Chambersburg, Pa. At Win- 
chester and Fisher's Hill Sheridan* defeated Early, 
destroying half his army. Being re-enforced soon 
after, Early returned during Sheridan's temporary 
absence, surprised his army at Cedar Creek (Octo- 
ber 19th), and drove it in confusion. At this critical 
moment, Sheridan, who had heard the cannonading 

*Philip H. Sheridan was of Irish parentage; graduated at 
West Point, and served against the Indians in the West. After the 
Civil War he was placed in military command at New Orleans; 
afterwards transferred to a field of operations against the hostile 
Indians of the far West. During Grant's Administration he was 
appointed Lieutenant General of the army. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



335 



during his absence at Winchester — thirteen miles 
distant — arrived on the field in hot haste. Riding- 
down the lines he shouted: "Turn, boys, turn* 
we're going back." His flying troops rallied with 




Phiup H. Sheridan. 

his presence and drove back the Confederates with 
great loss. Sheridan thus effectually destroyed 
Early's army, and no further attempts were made 
to threaten Washington. 

10. Entrance of Mobile Bay. August 5th (1864), 
Admiral Farragut, in command of a powerful 
squadron, bore down upon the defenses to Mobile 
Bay — Forts Morgan and Gaines. The bay itself 



836 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

was defended by a Confederate fleet, among which 
was the iron-clad ram Tennessee. Farragut's fleet 
in an hour fought their way past the forts, and en- 
gaged the Confederate fleet beyond. After a des- 
perate resistance, the Tennessee was taken, and the 
other vessels either captured or put to flight. . The 
forts were soon after reduced, and the harbor closed 
against blockade runners. 

The immediate defenses and the city of Mobile 
were taken by the Federals under Gen. E. R. S. 
Canby, in the spring of 1865. 

11. Nevada Admitted to the Union. — October 31st 
(1864) Nevada was admitted as the thirty-sixth 
State. Its name is Spanish, signifying " snow- 
covered." It was settled in 1848, at Carson City. 
It is rich in minerals, and valuable mines have been 
opened, yielding the precious metals. 

12. Sherman's March to the Sea. — After burning 
the city of Atlanta Sherman started (November 
16th) with 60,000 men on his " march to the sea." 
On his route he destroyed the Georgia Central and 
Augusta railroads — his troops foraging on the 
country as they passed. December 13th he took 
Fort McAllister, Ga., and afterwards captured Sa- 
vannah.* His army in five weeks had marched 
300 miles to the ocean, desolating the country 
throughout his route. 

13. Fort Fisher Taken. — This fort commanded 
the entrance to the harbor at Wilmington, N. C, — 

* Just before Christmas, Sherman sent the following dispatch 
to President Lincoln : " I beg to present you, as a Christmas gift, 
the city of Savannah, with 150 guns and plenty of ammunition, 
and also about 25,000 bales of cotton." 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 337 

the last sea-port held by the Confederates. In 
December (1864) a powerful fleet under Admiral 
Porter,* and land forces under Gen. Butler under- 
took its capture. After a heavy bombardment by 
the fleet without serious injury to the fort, and a 
partial landing of the troops, it was decided im- 
practicable to -attempt its capture by assault, and 
the army and navy withdrew. In January General 
Terry, with the assistance of the fleet, undertook 
its capture, and on the 15th of that month (1865), 
Port Fisher was taken by storm. 

14. The Postal Money Order System. — In Novem- 
ber, 1864, Congress passed an act establishing the 
Postal Money Order System in the United States. 
The design of the measure was to secure a safe and 
convenient method of transferring small sums of 
money through the mails. " The money order is 
divided into two parts — the order proper and the 
advice. From the order, w^hich is received and 
transmitted by the purchaser, the name of the 
payee is omitted. In the advice, which is sent by 
the post-master of the issuing office to the post- 
master of the paying office, the name of the payee 
is inserted. The advice and the order receive the 
same stamp and number, and being transmitted sep- 

• David Dixon Porter, when but fourteen years of age, entered 
the service of Mexico in her war with Spain. After the close of 
that war he entered the United States Navy, serving in the Medi- 
terranean squadron. Regained fresh laurels in the Mexican War. 
After the Civil War — having been made Vice-Admiral — he had 
charge of the naval school at Annapolis. In 1870, on the death of 
Farragut, he became Admiral of the Navy of the United States. 

22 



338 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

arately, constitute an almost perfect check against 
loss, robbery, and fraud." The largest sum that 
may be transmitted in one order is fifty dollars, 
though larger amounts may be sent in separate or- 
ders. 

15. Lincoln Re-elected. — At the Presidential elec- 
tion in the autumn of ISG-l two candidates were 
presented — President Lincoln for a second term by 
the Republicans, and Gen. Geo. B. McClellan by 
the Democrats. Lincoln was re-elected by a large 
majority, with Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, as 
Vice-President. The eleven seceded States took 
no part in the election. 

16. Battle of Nashville. — After evacuating At- 
lanta, Hood proceeded to Tennessee, and at Nash- 
ville (December 15th and 16th) attacked the Fed- 
erals under Thomas, In a terrible two days' battle 
the Confederates w^ere demoralized and forced to 
retreat across the Tennessee. The rash Hood was 
now relieved of his command, and the more efii- 
cient Johnston re-instated. 

17. Fall of Petersburg and Richmond* — The End. — 

Sherman, after raiding through Georgia, passed 
through South Carolina and North Carolina, deso- 
lating the country as he marched, and fighting 
severe battles with the armies of Bragg and John- 

* In the spring of 1864, Gen. B. F. Butler, from Fortress Mon- 
roe, landed a strong force on the south side of the James Eiver, at 
the mouth of the Appomattox, threatening at once Petersburg and 
Kichmond. He was prevented from taking Petersburg by a force 
under Beauregard, on its way from Carolina to join Lee ; and after 
a good deal of hard fighting he intrenched himself strongly, and 
was afterward joined by Grant's army. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 339 

ston. " Grant's plans to capture Petersburg and 
Riehmoud were uovr perfected.* On April 2nd, 
1S65, an attack was made along the whole line in 
front of Petersburg, and was everywhere success- 
ful. On the atternoon of that day (Sunday) Jef- 
ferson Davis, while at church, received a telegram 
from Lee to the effect that his army had been 
driven from its intrenchments, and that both Peters- 
burg and Richmond must be abandoned without 
delay. The evacuation was hastily accomplished 
that same night. On the next day Grant moved 
into Petersburg, and a few hours afterward General 
"SVeitzel {witt'-ztl) took possession of Richmond. 
The coveted goal of the Army of the Potomac for 
four long years was now attained.'' 

Lee, with the remnant of his brave but unfortu- 
nate army, attempted to escape, but, hemmed about 
on all sides by the overwhelming Union army, he 
accepted the generous terras of surrender proposed 
by Grant, and on Aprrl 9th. lS65.t the Army of 
A'irginia laid down their arms, ''and turned home- 
ward, no longer Confederate soldiers, but American 

•Expeditions were sent out to cut the railroads b_v which 
Petersburg received supplie'^. and assaults were made on the Con- 
fevierate lines on K''th sides of the James. July 30th. 1S64, a mine 
was exploded under one of the forts in the defences of the city, de- 
stroying 200 men ; but nothing was gained by this, as the Confed- 
erates repulsed the assault made through the breach, with terrible 
loss to the Union army. 

tOn April 7th Grant sent a note to Lee, urging him to surren- 
der to save the useless shedding of blood. On the next day Lee 
answereii by saying that he thought neither the time nor the emer- 
gency had arrived that made necessary the surrender of the Army 
of Northern Virsrinia. 



340 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



citizens." The Great Civil War was Ended. The 
other Confederate armies, at other points, surren- 
dered soon after. Jefferson Davis fled southward, 
hoping to escape, hut was captured near Irwinsville, 
Georgia, May 11th, and imprisoned in Fort Monroe. 
After two years' conlinement he was liberated on 
bail, and his cause, after remaining untried for a 
year and a half, was finally dismissed. 




Egbert E. Lee. 

18. Robert E. Lee*. — He was a graduate of "West 
Point Military Academy; was Gen. Scott's chief 
engineer during the Mexican War, and was the 
most trusted of the Confederate generals. In the 
Civil War he displayed magniiicent strategy — for 
three years baffling every attempt to take Rich- 

*He was a son of the gallant " Light-horse Harry Lee," of 
Kevolutionary fame. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 341 

mond, which fell only with the Confederate Gov- 
ernment. Ills deep piety, truth, sincerity and 
honesty won the hearts of all. At the time of his 
death (October 12th, 1870,) he was President of 
Washington and Lee University, in Virginia. 



RECAPITULATION^. 

1. Battles Won by the Confederates.* — In the 

great Civil War the Confederates were successful 
in the following : 

(1). Fort Sumter, S. C, April 14, 1861. 

(2). Big Bethel.Va., June 10, " 

(3). Bull Run, Va., July 21, " 

(4). Wilson's Creek, Mo....... August 10, " 

(5). Ball's Bluff, Va., ^ October 21, " 

(6). Belmont, Mo., November 7, " 

(7). Winchester, Va., June 7, 1862. 

(8). Cross Keys, Va., June 8, " 

(9). Port Republic,Va., June 9, " 

(10). Gaines's Mill,Va., June 27, " 

(11). Cedar Mountain, Va., August 9, " 

(21). Second Bull Run,Va., August 29, " 

(13). Richmond, Ky., August 30, " 

(14). Chantilly, Va., August 31, " 

(15), Harper's Ferry, Va., September 15, " 

(16). Mumfordsville, Ky., September 17, " 

(17). Fredericksburg, Va., December 13, " 

(18). Haines's Bluff, Va., December 29, " 

(19). Chancellorsville, Va., May 2-3,1863. 

(20), Chickamauga, Ga., September 19-20, " 

(21). Fort Pillow, Tenn.., April 12, 1864. 

(22). Sabine Cross Roads, La., April 28, " 

»The principal battles only, which are mentioned in this work> 
are here tabulated. 



342 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

(23). Cold Harbor, Ya June 3, 1864. 

(24). Great Kenesaw Mountain, Ga July 3, " 

(25). Monocacy River, Md July 9, " 

2. Battles Won by the Federals. — lu the Great 
Civil War the Federals were successful in the fol- 
lowing : 

(1). Philippi, Va., June 3, 1861. 

(2). Booneville, Mo., June 17, " 

(3). Eich Mountain, Va., July 11, " 

(4). Carrick's Ford, Va., July 14, " 

(5). Carnifex Ferry, Va., September 10, " 

<6). Dranesville, Va., December 20, " 

(7). Mill Spyng, Ky., January 19, 1862. 

(8). Fort Henry, Tenn., February 6, " 

(9). Fort Donelson, Tenn., February 16, " 

(10). PeaEidge, Ark., March 6, " 

(11). 3fernmac and Monitor, Y a., March 9, " 

(12). Shiloh, Tenn., April 6-7, " 

(13). New Orleans, La April 28, " 

(14). Williamsburg, Va., May 5, " 

(15). Mechanicsville, Va, June 26, " 

(16). Malvern Hill, Va., July 1, " 

(17). South Mountain, Md September 14, " 

(18). Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31, " 

(19). Battles before Vicksburg, May 12-17, 1863. 

<20). Vicksburg, July 4, " 

(21). Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3, " 

<22). Chattanooga, Tenn., November 23-24, " 

(23). Pleasant Hill, La., April 9, 1864. 

(24). Dalton, Ga., May 13, " 

(25). Dallas, Ga May 28, " 

(26). Alabama and Kearsarge, June 15, " 

(27). Lost Mountain, Ga., June 15-17, " 

(28). Forts Morgan and Gaines, Ala., August 5, '' 

(29). Atlanta, Ga., September 2, " 

(30). Cedar Creek, Va., October 19, " 

(31). Fort McAllister, Ga., December 13, " 

(32). Nashville, Tenn., December 15-16 " 

(33). Fort Fisher, N. C, January 15, " 

(34). Petersburg and Eichmond, Va., April 2-3, 1865. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 343 

3. Indecisive Battles of the War. — In the great 
Civil War, the battles in which neither party was 
victorious, were the following : 

(1). Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. 

(2). Savage Station, Va., June 29, " 

(3). Frazier's Farm, Va., June 30, " 

(•4). Antietam, Md., September 17, " 

(5). Perryville, Ky., Octobers, " 

(6). Wilderness, Va., May 5-6, 1864. 

(7). Spottsylvania,Va., May 8-12, " 



RECAPITULATION. 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN SECTIONS 
III AND IV. 

(national period.) 

1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated twelfth Presi- 

dent, March 5th. 

1850. John C. Calhoun died at Washington, March 

31st. 
1850. President Taylor died, July 9th. 
1850. Millard Fillmore, Vice-President, became 

thirteenth President, July 9th. 
1850. California admitted as the thirty-first State, 

September 9th. 

1850. The Omnibus Bill passed by Congress, Sep- 

tember 18th. 

1851. Lopez and his filibustering companions exe- 

cuted at Havana. 

1852. Henry Clay died at Washington, June 28th. 
1852. Louis Kossuth made a tour of United States. 
1852. Daniel Webster died at Marshfield, Mass., 

October 24th. 



344 HISTORY OF THE UXITEP STATES. 

1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated fourteenth Pres- 
ident. March 4th. 

1S53. The Crystal Palace opened at Xew York, 
Jul V 14th. 

1853. The "Gadsden Purchase" effected. 

1853. The Martin Koszta aflair settled. 

1853. •• Know-Xothing " Party organized. 

1853. Arctic Expedition sent in search of Sir Joho 

Franklin. 

1854. Treaty of Commerce made with Japan, 

March. 

1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed. 

1857. James Buchanan inaugurated lifteenth Pres- 
ident. March 4. 

1857. Mormons gave trouble, but were subdued. 

1857. The"Dred Scott"* decision made by Judge 

Taney. 

1858. Minnesota admitted as the thirty-second 

State, May 11th. 

1859. The John Brown Raid excited the country. 

October 16th. 

1559. Oregon admitted as the thirty-third State. 

February 14th. 

1860. "Walker's Filibustering expeditions broken 

up and himself shot. 
1860. Japanese Embassy visited the United St-ates 
(summer). 

1560. Abraham Lincoln elected sixteenth Presi- 

dent. 

1860. South Carolina in State Convention passed 

ordinance of secession, December 20th. 

1861. Steamer '• Star of the West " fired upon, Jan- 

uarv 9th. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 345 

1861. Mississippi passed ordinance of secession, 
Jauuaiy 9th, 

1861. Alabama and Florida passed ordinances of 
secession, January 11th. 

1861. Georgia passed ordinance of secession, Janu- 
ary 19th. 

1861. Louisiana passed ordinance of secession, Jan- 
uary 26th. 

1861. Kansas admitted as the 34th State, January 
29th. 

1861. Texas passed ordinance of secession, Febru- 
ary 1st. 

1861. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated, March 4th. 

1861. Fort Sumter evacuated by Maj. Anderson, 
April 14th. 

1861. Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers, April 
15th. 

1861. Virginia passed ordinance of secession, April 
17th. 

1861. First blood of the Civil War shed at Balti- 
more, April 19th. 

1861. Arkansas passed ordinance of secession, May 
8th. 

1861. North Carolina passed ordinance of secession, 
May 20th. 

1861. Tennessee passed ordinance of secession, June 
8th. 

1861. Philippi, Va., June 3rd — Federals victorious. 

1861. Big Bethel, Va., June 10th — Confederates vic- 
torious. 

1861. Booneville, Mo., June 17th — Federals victo- 
rious. 



346 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1861. Rich Mountain, Va., July 11th — Federals 
victorious. 

1861. Carrick's Ford, Ya., July 14th— Federals vic- 
torious. 

1861. Bull Run, Va., July 21st — Confederates vic- 
torious. 

1861. Wilson's Creek, Mo., August 10th— Confed- 
erates victorious. 

1861. Carnifex Ferry, Va., September 10th— Fed- 
erals victorious. 

1861. Ball's Bluft; Va., October 21st— Confederates 
victorious. 

1861. Confederate Commissioners taken from the 
Trent, November. 

1861. Belmont, Mo., November 7th — Confederates 
victorious. 

1861. Dranesville, Va., December 20th — Federals 

victorious. 

1862. Mill Spring, Ky., January 19th — Federals 

victorious. 

1862. Fort Henry captured by the Federals, Feb- 
ruary 6th. 

1862. Fort Donelson captured by the Federals, 
February 16th. 

1862. Pea Ridge, Mo., March 6th and 7th— Fed- 
erals victorious. 

1862. The Merrimac destroyed the Union ships, 
Cumberland and Congress, March 8th. 

1862. The Monitor triumphs over the Merrimac, 
March 9th. 

1862. Shiloh, Tenn., April 6th-7th— Federals vic- 
torious. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 347 

1862. New Orleans captured by the Federals, April 
24th. 

1862. Yorktown taken by the Federals, May 4th. 

1862. Williamsburg, Va., May 5th — Federals vic- 
torious. 

1862. Fair Oaks, Ya., May Slst — neither army 
victorious. 

1862. Cross Keys, Ya., June 8th — Confederates 
victorious. 

1862. Port Republic, Ya., June 9th — Confederates 
victorious. 

1862. Mechanicsville, Ya., June 26th— Federals 
victorious. 

1862. Gaines's Mill, Ya., June 27th— Confederates 
victorious. 

1862. Savage Station,- Ya., June 29th — neither 
army victorious. 

1862. Frazier's Farm, Ya., June 30th— neither 
army victorious. 

1862. Malvern, Ya., July 1st — Federals victorious. 

1862. Cedar Mountain, Ya., August 6th — Confed- 
erates victorious. 

1862. Second Bull Run, Ya., August 29th— Con- 
federates victorious. 

1862. Chantilly, Ya., September 2nd — Confederates 
victorious. 

1862. South Mountain, Md., September 14th— Fed- 
erals victorious. 

1862. Harper's Ferry captured by the Confederates, 
September 14th. 

1862. Antietam, Md., September 17th — neither 
army victorious 



348 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1862. Emancipation Proclamation issued, Septem- 
ber 22nd. 

1862. Richmond, Ky., August 30th — Confederates 
victorious. 

1862. Mumfordsville, Ky., September 17th— Con- 
federates victorious. 

1862. luka and Corinth, September 19th and Octo- 
ber 4th — Confederates victorious. 

1862. Perryville, Ky., October 8th — neither army 
victorious. 

1862. Fredericksburg, Va., December 13th — Con- 
federates victorious. 

1862. Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31st — Fed- 
erals victorious. 

1862. Haines's Bluff, Miss., December — Confeder- 
ates victorious. 

1862. " Greenbacks " first issued. 

1862. Sioux Indians defeated. 

1863. Emancipation Proclamation went into effect, 

January 1st. 

1863. Confederates evacuated Grand Gulf, Miss., 
May 1st. 

1863. Confederates defeated in battles before Vicks- 
burg, May 12th and 17th. 

1863. Chancellorsville, Va., May 2nd and 3rd — Con- 
federates victorious. 

1863. Lee invaded Maryland, June 26th. 

1863. West Virginia admitted as the 35th State, 
June 30th. 

1863. Gettysburg, Pa., July 2nd and 3rd— Federals 
victorious. 

1863. Vicksburg taken by Grant, July 4th. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 349 

1863. Port Hudson taken by the Federals, July 8th. 

1863. Conscription Riot in New York Cit}^ July 
13th and 16th. 

1863. Morgan raided through Kentucky into In- 
diana and Ohio, July. 

1863: Port Sumter reduced to ruins, August. 

1863. Charleston bombarded — Port Wagner taken, 
September 7th. 

1863. Chickamauga, September 19th and 20th — 
Confederates victorious. 

1863. Chattanooga, Tenn., I^ov. 23d and 24th— Fed- 

erals victorious. 

1864. Grant made Lieutenant-General, March 3d. 
1864. Port DeKussy, La., captured by the Federals, 

March 13th. 

1864. Union City, Tenn., captured by Forrest, 
March 24th. 

1864. Hickman, Ky., occupied by Forrest, March 
24th. 

1864. Forrest raided Paducah, Ky., March 25th. 

1864. Sabine Cross Roads, La., April 8th — Confed- 
erates victorious. 

1864. Pleasant Hill, La., April 9th — Federals vic- 
torious. 

1864. Fort Pillow stormed and taken by Forrest, 
April 12th. 

1864. The Wilderness, Va., May 5th and 6th— 
neither army victorious. 

1864. Spottsylvania, Va., May 8th and 12th — nei- 
ther army victorious. 

1864. Dalton, Ga., May 13th and 14th— Federals 
victorious. 



350 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1864. Dallas, Ga., May 28th — Federals victorious. 

1864. Cold Harbor, Va., June 3rd — Confederates 
victorious. 

1864. The Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge, June 
15th. 

1864. Lost Mountain, Ga., June 15th and 17th — 
Federals victorious. 

1864. Great Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., July 3d — 
Confederates victorious. 

1864. Before Atlanta, Ga., July 20th, 22d and 
28th — Federals victorious. 

1864. Mine exploded in front of Petersburg, Ya., 
July 30th. 

1864. Farragut entered Mobile Bay and defeated 
Confederate fleet, August 5th. 

1864. Atlanta captured by the Federals, September 
2nd — Confederates evacuate. 

1864. Winchester and Fisher's Hill, Va., Septem- 
ber 19th and 22d — Confederates victorious. 

1864. Cedar Creek, Va., October 19th— Federals 
victorious. 

1864. Nevada admitted as the thirty-sixth State, 
October 31st. 

1864. Postal Money Order System established, No- 
vember Ist. 
1864. Sherman began his " March to the sea," No- 
vember 16th. 
1864. Lincoln re-elected, November. 
1864. Sherman took Fort McAllister, Ga., Decem- 
ber 16th. 
1864. Savannah, Ga., taken by Sherman, Decem- 
ber. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 351 

1864. ^tTashville, Tenn., December 15th and 16th— 

Federals victorious. 

1865. Fort Fisher taken, January 15th. 

1865. Federals successful in battles before Rich- 
mond, April 1st. 

1865. Petersburg and Richmond evacuated April 
2nd and 3rd. 

1865. Lee's army surrendered to Grant, April 9th — 
War Ended. 

1865. The other Confederate armies surrendered, 
April — May. 

1865. Jefferson Davis captured, May 11th. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

1. Name, in chronological order, the events from the inaugura- 

tion of Taylor to the election of Lincoln. {See Chronological 
Table.) 

2. Name, in order, the events of the Civil War from the inaugu- 

ration of Lincoln to the capture of New Orleans. (See Table.) 

3. Name, in order, the events from the capture of New Orleans to 

the admission of West Virginia. {See Table.) 

4. Name, in order, the events from the admission of West Vir- 

ginia to the close of the Civil War. {See Table.) 

5. What trees are celebrated in our history? How many attacks 

have been made on Quebec? How many expeditions have 
been made into Canada? How many times has FortTicon- 
deroga been taken? 

6. What were the principles of the Federals? — Of the Kepublic- 

ans, or Anti-Federals? — Of the Whigs? — Of the Democrats? 
Of the Free-Soilers ? — Of the Know-Nothings, or Ameri- 
cans? — Of the New Republicans? From what party did 
the latter spring ? 

7. Name the Generals who were, severally, placed in command 

of the Union Armies. 



352 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

8. AVhat naval battles were fought during the Civil War? 

9. Why was "Stonewall" Jackson so called? 

10. What was the first battle of iron ships? 

11. When was slavery abolished in the United States? 

12. Who fired the first gun in the Civil War? 

13. What were the provisions of the Omnibus Bill? 

14. What was the " tripartite treaty ? " 

15. What was the " Martin Koszta affair ? " 

16. What was the " Yankee Cheesebox ? " 

17. What name signifies the " Kiver of Death?" 

18. In what battle was a tree hewn down by bullets? 

19. Who said, " I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all 

summer?" 

20. What Christmas present did Sherman present to Lincoln? 

21. What great man was a son of " Light Horse Harry Lee?" 

22. By what other name was the iron-clad Merrimac known? 

23. What was the Emancipation Proclamation? 

24. Explain the Postal Money Order System. 



NATIONAL PERIOD 



353 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 

GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTIONS III AND IV. 



XII. 



EVENTS 



FROM 



1848 



TO 



1865. 



1. Taylor and Fillmore's 
Administration. 



2. Pierce's 
Administration. 



3. Buchanan's 
Administration. 



4. LINCOLN'S 
ADMINISTRATION. 



CIVIL 



WAR. 



ADMINISTRATION. 



Death of Taylor, 
Admission of California, 
The Omnibus Bill, 
Cuban Filibusters, 
Louis Kossuth. 

The Gadsden Purchase, 
Martin Koszta Affair, 
The Crystal Palace, 
Treaty with Japan, 
Arctic Explorations, 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 
Walker's Expedition. 

Trouble with the Mormons. 
Dred Scott Decision, 
John Brown's Raid, 
Japanese Visitors, 
States Admitted, 
Settlement of these States. 

EfTectof his Election, 

Causes of the Civil War, 

Mistaken Ideas, 

Preparations for War, 

The "Star of the West," 

The Situation, 

Fall of Fort Sumter, 

The Seceded States, 

West Virginia, 

The Blockade, 

Emancipation Proclamation, 

Greenbacks, 

The Sioux War (1862), 

The Colored Troops, 

The Conscription Act, 

Nevada Admitted, 

Postal Money Order System 



' In Virginia, 
In Missouri, 
In South Carolina, 
In North Carolina, 
In Mississippi, 
In Marylana, 
In Georgia, 
In Arkansas, 
In Tennessee, 
In Kentucky, 
In Louisiana, 
In Alabama, 
In Pennsylvania, 
Naval Battles. 



23 



354 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

SECTION V. 

FROM THE CLOSE OF THE CIVIL WAR TO THE 
PRESENT TIME. 

1865—1881. 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1865—1869. 

1. Assassination of President Lincoln. — On the 

night of April 14th, 1865, while sitting in a private 
box of a theatre in Washington, President Lincoln 
was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, who' 
sprang to the box occupied by the President and 
shot him in the head. Booth then escaped by a 
back way and fled. He was afterward found, and, 
refusing to give himself up, was killed. His ac- 
complices were said to have been Harrold, Payne,. 
Atzerott, Arnold, Mudd, McLaughlin, and Mrs. 
SuRRATT ; the first three and Mrs. Surratt were 
tried, convicted, and hanged ; the others were con- 
demned to imprisonment for life on the Dry Tor- 
tugas Islands (south of Florida), but were after- 
ward liberated. 

Attempts were also made to assassinate William 
H. Seward,* Secretary of State, but they failed, 
though he was severely stabbed. 

* William Henry Seward, after graduating at Union College, 
commenced the practice of law. Taking an active part in politics,, 
he was elected to the (New York) State Senate before he was thirty. 
He was afterward successively Governor of New York, Senator in 
Congress, and Secretary of State. In the latter position, he wa» 
distinguished for keen, far-seeing judgment, and prompt, decisive 
action. He was a man of great fortitude, perseverance, and cour- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



355 



The tragic fate of Lincoln caused the profound- 
est grief all over the North, and was deeply regret- 
ted in the South. Many houses were draped in 
black and many citizens wore the badge of mourn- 
ing. 




Andrew Johnson. 

2. Lincoln's Successor. — The melancholy death of 
Lincoln did not in the least disorganize the Gov- 
ernment : within three hours thereafter (April 15th) 
Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, quietly assumed 
the duties of the Presidency. 

age. The declining years of his life were spent in a trip around 
the world, which was followed by the publication of a book of his 
travels. He died in 1872. 



356 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Andrew Johnson was a self-made man. He was 
by trade a tailor, and at seventeen years of age he 
learned to read and write. At the age of twenty 
he settled at Greenville, Tenn., where he soon rose 
to eminence. He was alderman, mayor, legislator, 
congressman, governor, and senator previous to his 
elevation to the highest position within the gift of 
the people. He was remarkable for firmness and 
sagacity. 

3. Cost of the Civil War.— The North had about 
1,500,000 soldiers to take part in effective service; 
the South, about 600,000. Each side lost about 
800,000 men, who fell in battle and perished from 
disease or from their wounds. Adding to this num- 
ber 400,000 crippled and disabled for life by sick- 
ness, gives a grand total of 1,000,000 men destroyed 
on both sides, during the four years of civil strife. 

The national debt at the close of the war was 
about $2,500,000,000.* The sum of $200,000,000 
was paid in bounties, and $100,000,000 was given 
to soldiers' widows or other heirs. If to this be 
added the sums paid by States, counties, cities, and 
towns, for raising local levies, we make the whole 
amount of money paid out for the war more than 
$4,000,000,000. This vast debt has been gradually 
diminishing, and the enormous resources of the 
country will eventually pay it off. 

*When the Government needs money in any emergency, as in 
time of war, it borrows it from the people, issuing as security, 
bonds bearing interest, payable in gold at stated times. The 
amount thus borrowed constitutes the National Debt. At present 
(1881) the National Debt is $2,000,000,000. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 357 

The Confederate War debt was never paid, as 
that Government was overthrown. 

4. The Soldiers Turn Citizens.— After the armies 
were disbanded the soldiers of both sections, having 
bravely done their terrible work, returned to the 
people from whom they came and gladly resumed 
the vocations of peace. The statesmen of Europe 
had predicted that riots and other evils would arise 
" when so many soldiers, familiar with scenes of 
violence and blood, were freed from military re- 
straint." This, however, did not prove so. Within 
eighteen months all the vast armies of both sec- 
tions were disbanded and transported to their 
homes. 

5. Benevolence Abroad. — The horrors of the civil 
contest were much abated in the Federal Army by 
the humane and benevolent acts of the Sanitary 
AND Christian Commissions furnished by the JSTorth. 
Their object was to provide comfort for the sick 
and wounded, and to distribute reading matter, re- 
ligious and secular, among the soldiers. They fur- 
nished also many delicacies and little wants not 
provided by the army. " Homes," " Lodges," and 
" Feeding Stations " for the homeless and hungry 
were established. Also homes for soldiers' wives 
and children who were, from any cause, in destitute 
circumstances. ^4,500,000 were raised and ex- 
pended for benevolent work in camp, field and hos- 
pital. 

The Southern people were not behind the North- 
ern in their care and tenderness ; but with their 
limited means they were unable to accomplish as 



358 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

much in this respect as the wealthy and more popu- 
lous North. They did all in their power, however, 
to mitigate the horrors of the war. 

6. The Freedmen's Bureau Bill.— In March, 1865, 
Congress passed an act known as the freedmen's 
Bureau Bill. The bill had for its object the super- 
vision and relief of freedmen (colored people) 
declared free by Lincoln's proclamation, and loyal 
refugees. A second bill amending and continuing 
in force the first, though vetoed by the President, 
was passed in July, 1866. 

7. Amnesty Proclamation. — Under an amnesty 
proclamation issued by the President, May 29th, 
1865, pardon was oflfered to all who had taken part 
in the secession movement, except those embraced 
in certain specified classes, on condition of their 
taking an oath of allegiance to the United States; 
and, on application, it was afterward extended to 
many individuals belonging to the classes excited. 
On the 4th of July, 1868, full pardon and amnesty 
were granted by the President unconditionally to 
all who were not at that time under indictment for 
treason ; and on the 25th of December, 1868, they 
were extended to all without exception. 

8. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. — 

This amendment abolishing slavery was ratified by 
the States; and on December 18th, 1865, it was 
duly adopted as a part of the Constitution. 

9. The Civil Rights Bill. —The Civil Rights Bill, 
adopted for the protection of the freedmen, was 
passed by Congress, April 9th, 1866, over President 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 359 

Johnson's veto. It gives equal rights to all, re- 
gardless of race or color. 

10. The Fenians. — In June, 1866, the Fenians, a 
secret society of Irishmen, who were banded to- 
gether for the purpose of wresting Ireland from 
British rule and establishing its independence, in- 
vaded Canada, crossing the frontier from Buftalo 
and Vermont. After some skirmishing they were 
•driven back. President Johnson issued a procla- 
mation warning all against the enterprise as a 
violation of neutrality ; and the vigorous measures 
of General Meade, who was sent to the frontier 
with a force, put a stop to the movement. 

11. The Atlantic Telegraphic Cable.— In 1858 an 
enterprising company of capitalists laid a tele- 
graphic cable in the Atlantic Ocean extending from 
Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, to Valentia {va-len'- 
■she-a) Bay, Ireland — a distance of 1640 miles. This 
cable ceased to work, however, on the very day it 
was completed. Cyrus W. Field,* to whom the 
success of the enterprise is due, revived the com- 
pany, and a new cable was made. In Jul}^ 1865, 
the Great Eastern commenced laying this cable, but 

* Cyrus W. Field received but a common school education. 
By industry and enterprise he arose from a clerkship to the head 
of a large mercantile establishment in New York. After traveling 
in South America, he aided to establish a telegraph line across 
Newfoundland. While engaged in this work he conceived the 
idea of extending a line across the ocean. Since the completion of 
his Atlantic Cables, Mr. Field has endeavored to organize a com- 
pany to lay a submarine cable across the Pacific, from San Fran- 
cisco to Japan, but he has not succeeded, and for the present the 
undertaking is abandoned. 



360 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in mid-ocean it parted and sank to the bottom. 
The severed cable was grappled and raised, the 
broken ends joined, and the cable was finally laid. 
This not proving sufficient for the transmission of 
all the messages across the Atlantic, Mr. Field 
raised a new company with a capital of $3,000,000, 
and made a third cable. This was successfully laid, 
June, 1866. 

There are now (1881) seven telegraphic cables in 
operation across the Atlantic. The last one, com- 
pleted November, 1879, extends from North East- 
ham, Mass., (Cape Cod) to Brest, France. 

12. Nebraska Admitted. — Nebraska was admitted 
as the 37th State, on March 1st, 1867. The name 
signifies " water- valley." It was formerly a part of 
Kansas, and was settled about the same time. 

13. Tennre-of-Office Bill.— In March, 1867, a bill 
to rejrulate the tenure of certain civil offices was 
passed over the President's veto. By this bill it 
declared that persons holding, or appointed to, any 
civil office, by and with the advice and consent of 
the Senate, shall be entitled to hold such office until 
a successor shall have been, in like manner, ap- 
pointed and duly qualified. This is known as the 
Tenure-of- Office Bill. 

14. Purchase of Alaska.— In April, 1867, the Uni- 
ted States purchased from the Russian Government 
an extensive region forming the northwestern part 
of North America, called Russian America, but 
now styled Alaska. {See Map of Territorial Growth.^ 
It is a large peninsula, consisting of nearly 500,000 
square miles, and is chiefly valuable for its harbors 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 361 

on the Pacific coast, its furs, and its fisheries. The 
sum of $7,200,000 was paid for it. With this Ter- 
ritory the whole area of the United States at 
present is 3,604,000 square miles. 

15. Mexico and France. — During the Civil War 
Napoleon III., emperor of France, desiring to ob- 
tain a foothold in America, took advantage of the 
opportunity and sent an army to aid the Imperial- 
ists of Mexico in subduing the Liberals, who were 
struggling for liberty. The Liberals were defeated, 
and Maximilian, archduke of Austria, was chosen 
emperor. This course on the part of France being 
an infringement of the " Monroe Doctrine,"* the 
United States Government protested against the 
measure, but while absorbed in the civil contest, 
was unable to enforce the principle. When our 
Government was relieved from the pressure of in- 
ternal war, it turned its attention to the Mexicans 
hopelessly striving for freedom. The United States 
demanded of ]!:^apoleoti the recall of the French 
troops from Mexican territory. Deprived of for- 
eign aid, Maximilian was defeated; and, falling 
into the hands of the Liberals, he was shot June 
19th, 1867. This ended the dream of French do- 
minion on this continent. 

16. Impeachment Trial of President Johnson. — 

Owing to differences in political views, the conflict 
between the President and Congress became more 
and more violent. In 1867 Congress passed, over 
the President's veto, a reconstruction act defining 
the conditions upon which seceded States might 

•See Topic 9, " Monroe's Administration." 



■362 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

return to the Union, and placing them un ^er mil- 
itary government until these conditions were com- 
plied with. 

The difficulties were aggravated by the attempt 
of the President in February, 1868, to remove Mr. 
Stanton, the Secretary of War, from his position. 
The majority in Congress deemed this a violation 
of the Tenure-of-Office-Bill, passed shortly before, 
which made the consent of the Senate necessary to 
such removals. Great political excitement pre- 
vailed throughout the country; and on the 24th 
of February, 1868, the House of Representatives 
resolved to impeach the President of" high crimes 
and misdemeanors." He was accordingly tried by 
the Senate sitting as a Court of Impeachment, the 
Ohief Justice of the Supreme Court acting as Pres- 
ident. After a tedious trial he was acquitted, May 
23d, 1868. 

17. Seceded States Re-admitted. — On June 24th, 

1868, after a long and bitter struggle between Con- 
gress and the President, regarding the reconstruc- 
tion policy, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, 
Korth Carolina, South Carolina, and Arkansas were 
re-admitted, their Senators and Representatives 
having been absent from their seats in Congress 
over seven years. Tennessee was re-admitted a 
short time before. Before the close of the year, the 
rest of the seceded States came back ; " and, as be- 
'fore the war, the motto, E Pluribus Unum, appro- 
.priately inscribed the American banner and shield." 

18. Fourteenth Amendment. — This addition to the 
Oonstitution was adopted July 28th, 1868. By its 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 363 

provisions equal civil rights to all, regardless of 
race or color, are guaranteed, and representation in 
each State is hased on the number of legal voters. 

19. Indian War. — The Indians of the Southwest 
had been carrying on a depredating warfare since 
1865. General Sherman, commanding the Depart- 
ment of the West, sent a force to suppress them. 
In 1868 Black Kettle and a large body of his 
warriors were surprised and slain by a charge ol 
Custer's cavalry, and hostilities ceased. 

20. Treaty With China. — In 1868 an important 
treaty with the " Celestial Empire " was ratified by 
the United States, by which liberty of conscience 
is guaranteed to citizens of the United States in 
China, and permission to attend all public educa- 
tional institutions, without being subjected to any 
religious or political test, is extended to Chinese 
residents in the United States. 



GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION 

1869—1877. 
I. Election and Inauguration. — In the autumn of 
1868 General U. S. Grant, of Illinois, was nomina- 
ted for the Presidency by the Republicans, with 
Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, for Vice President; 
Horatio Seymour, of New York, with Gen. Francis 
P. Blair, Jr., of Missouri, was nominated by the 
Democrats. Grant and Colfax were elected,* and 
on the 4th of March, 1869, they were duly inaugu- 
rated. 

•Three States did not vote, viz : Mississippi, Texas and Vir- 
ginia. 



364 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2. Ulysses S. Grant. — He was born in Ohio, and 
while a youth followed for a time his father's 




UliYSStS iS. GliANT. 



trade — that of a tanner. At the age of seventeen 
he secured an appointment at West Point. A short 



NATIONAL PERICtt). 365 

time after completing his four years' course, the 
Mexican War broke out, in which he conducted 
himself with gallantry, receiving special mention 
and promotion. After this he retired to private 
life till the beginning of the Civil War (1861), when 
he offered his services in behalf of the Union, and 
was appointed Colonel of an Illinois regiment. 
His subsequent military career is familiar to the 
student. 

3. The Pacific Railroad.— The Pacific Railroad, 
3,000 miles long (with its connections), and extend- 
ing from Boston to San Francisco, was completed 
and opened on the 10th of May, 1869.* It thus 
connects the Atlantic with the Pacific, and the 
traveler can cross the continent in one week. 
Thousands of pioneers have gone from the popu- 
lous East to the Western wilds to develop fresh 
sources of industry and wealth. Communication 
is thus held with the great Empire of China, from 
which silks, teas, and spices are obtained. "Amer- 
ican ingenuity has made a route to India — the 
great desire of olden navigators." 

4. Fifteenth Amendment. — This was formally an- 
nounced as a part of the Constitution, March 30th, 
1870. It gives the right of suffrage to all, irre- 
spective of " race, color, or previous condition of 
servitude." 

5. The Census of 1870. f — The first census of the 

*The Pacific Railro-ad, proper, is but 1,900 miles long — extend- 
ing from San Francisco, California, to Omaha, Nebraska. 

t A census is an enumeration of inhalntants, their ages, wealth, 
etc., authorized by Government, and taken every ten years. 



366 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




NATIONAL PERIOD. 367 

United States v^as taken in 1790. The population 
of the country was then nearly 4,000,000. In 187a 
the ninth census was completed. " It was a work 
of vast importance, and the results presented were 
of the most encouraging character. IsTotwithstand- 
ing the ravages of Avar, the last decade had been a 
period of wonderful growth and progress. During 
that time the population had increased from 31,- . 
443,000 to 38,587,000 souls.-^ The national debt, 
though enormous, had fallen ofll The products of 
the country had grown to a vast aggregate; even 
the cotton crop of the South was regaining much, 
of its former importance. American manufacturers- 
were competing with those of England in the mar- 
kets of the w^orld. The Union now embraced 
thirty-seven States and eleven Territories — includ- 
ing the Indian Territory and Alaska. From the 
narrow limits of the thirteen original colonies, with 
their 421,000 square miles of territory, the national 
domain had spread to the vast area of 3,604,000 
square miles, — equal to nearly 2,000,000,000 acres- 
Few things, indeed, have been more marvelous 
than the territorial growth of the United States. 
The purchase of Louisiana more than doubled the 
geographical area of the nation ; the several Mexi- 
can acquisitions were only second in importance; 
while the recent Russian cession alone was greater 
in extent than the original thirteen States." {See 
3Iap showing the Territorial growth oj the United 
States.) 

*The last census — that of 1880 (June, — shows a population of 
over 50,000,000 -See Topic 17.) 



368 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

6. The Alabama Difficulty. — During the Civil War 
the Alabama and other Confederate cruisers — fitted 
out in England and manned mostly by English 
sailors — committed serious depredations on the 
commerce of the Union. [See alsa "-Closing Con- 
Jlids,^' Topic!.) The refusal of the British Govern- 
ment to pay the damages thus done, produced much 
bitter feeling and even threatened war. The diffi- 
culty was finally (1872) amicably adjusted, England 
awarding damages to the amount of $16,250,000. 
War was thus happily averted by peaceful arbitra- 
tion. 

7. San Domingo. — In 1871 the Republic of San 
Domingo, comprising a large part of the island of 
Hayti (hay' -tee), '^ West Indies, applied for admission 
to the United States. A commission sent by Presi- 
dent Grant visited the island, examined into its 
afi'airs, and gave a favorable report. The question 
of annexation was debated in Congress, but it met 
with such violent opposition that the application 
was rejected. 

8. Great Fire in Cliicago. — On Sunday, October 
8th, 1871, a fire was discovered in a small stable on 
the west side of Chicago, and, under a very high 
wind from the southwest it spread very rapidly 
northwardly and eastwardly. In less than thirty- 
six hours it swept over 2,125 acres, destroying most 
of the business portion of the city, and much ofj 
the residence portion also. There were burned 
1,600 stores, 28 hotels, 60 churches and about 14,800 
other buildings. The value of property destroyed 
was: Buildings, $53,000,000; stocks and machinery, 

*Its former name was Hispaniola (ees-pun-yo'-luh). 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



369 



$84,000,000 ; household goods and effects, $58,000,- 
000; total, $195,000,000. There were about 250 
lives lost and 98,500 people rendered homeless. 
{See ^'^ Jackson's Administration" Topic S.) 




Horace Greeley. 

9. Grant Re-elected. — In the Presidential cam- 
paign of 1872 the Liberal Republicans nominated 
Horace Greeley,"*" of New York, who was endorsed 

*Horace Greeley, when a child, was remarkably jjrecooious. 



370 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

by the Democrats also. The Republicans re-nomi- 
nated Grant, who was elected, with Henry Wilson 
as Vice President. 

Greeley died shortly after the election, November 
29th, 1872. His death was partly caused by the 
excitement and anxiety attending the canvass. 

10. Great Fire in Boston.— On November 9th, 
1872, a very destructive fire occurred in Boston. It 
was not checked till the following day. Sixty-five 
acres in the very heart of the business portion of 
the city were burned over. There were 776 build- 
ings destroyed and fourteen lives lost. Loss on 
buildings was estimated at $13,590,000; on con- 
tents, $60,000,000 ; total, $73,590,000. {See '' Jack- 
son's Administration," Topic 8.) 

11. The Credit Mobilier of America. — This was a 
joint stock company, organized in 1863 for the 
purpose of facilitating the construction ot public 
works. In 1867 another company, which had un- 
dertaken to build the Pacific Railroad, purchased 
the charter of the Credit Mobilier {pray' -de mo-heel- 
yare'), and the capital was increased to $3,750,000^ 
" Owing to the profitableness of the work in which 
the company was engaged, the stock rose rapidly 
in value and enormous dividends were paid to the 

He could read when only two years old, " and at the age of sevea 
had read all the books upon which he could lay his hands within 
a radius of seven miles from his father's farm-house." He was 
apprenticed to a printer, and in 1830 worked at a newspaper office 
in Vermont, but wages being low, he went to New York, having, 
when he arrived, but ten dollars and a bundle of clothing. After 
several failures at journalism, he finally established the "New 
York Tribune," which has since made his name famous. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 371 

shareholders. In 1872 a lawsuit in Pennsylvania 
developed the startling fact that much of the stock 
of the Credit Mobilier was owned by members of 
Congress. A suspicion that those members had 
voted corruptly in the legislation affecting the Pa- 
cific Railroad at once seized the public mind and 
led to a Congressional investigation in which many 
scandalous transactions were brought to light, and 
the faith of the people in the integrity of their 
servants greatly shaken." 

12. Visit of the Grand Duke Alexis. — Alexis, Grand 
Duke of Russia, visited the United States in 1872, 
and was grandly entertained. He was much es- 
teemed by all that came in contact with him. He 
expressed his liking for our people and institutions. 

13. The North-western Boundary Settled. — By the 

terms of the treaty of 1846* it was stipulated that 
the Korth-western boundary line, running west- 
ward along the forty-ninth parallel of latitude, 
should extend to the middle of the channel which 
separates the continent from Vancouver's Island, 
and thence southerly through the middle of said 
channel and of Fuca's Straits to the Pacific. But 
a dispute arose as to " the middle of said channel,'* 
for there were several channels. The British gov- 
ernment claimed the Straits of Rosario to be the 
true line intended by the treaty, while the United 
States would have the Canal de Haro. The mat- 
ter thus stood till October, 1872, when it was refer- 
red for settlement to the arbitration of William L, 
Emperor of Germany. That monarch heard the 

*See " Polk's Administration," Topic 16. 



372 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

cause, decided in favor of the United States, and the 
Canal de Haro became the international boundary. 

14. The Modoc War.— In the spring of 1872 the 
MoDOC Indians, occupying the southern shores of 
Lake Klamath, Oregon, were ordered by the Gov- 
ernment to remove to a new reservation. These 
Indians, who had been greatly mistreated by for- 
mer United States agents, refused to go ; and in 
the following November a body of troops was sent 
to force them into compliance. The Modocs re- 
sisted, kept up the war during the winter, and then 
retreated into an almost inaccessible volcanic re- 
gion called the "lava-beds." Here in the spring of 
1873 the Indians were surrounded, but not subdued. 
A conference was held between them and a Peace 
Commission. The treacherous Modocs, whose chief 
was Captain Jack, rose upon the members of the 
commission and murdered Gen. Cansy and Dr. 
Thomas in cold blood. The Modocs were then be- 
sieged in their strongholds. On June 1st, 1873, 
they were compelled to surrender. Captain Jack 
and several other chiefs were tried by court-martial 
and hanged in October. 

15. The Great Financial Panic of 1873.— In the 
autumn of 1873 occurred one of the most disastrous 
financial panics known in the history of the United 
States. The alarm was given by the failure of the 
great banking-house of Jay Cooke & Company of 
Philadelphia. Other failures followed in rapid suc- 
cession. Business everywhere was paralyzed, and 
many months elapsed before confidence was suf- 
ficiently restored to enable merchants and bankers 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 373 

to resume the usual transactions of trade. The 
causes of this monetary panic were a wild spirit of 
speculation, and fluctuation in the volume and 
value of the national currency.* {See " Van Bu- 
re7i's Administration" Topic 4; also note to Topic 1, 
^'Buchanan's Administration.'^) 

16. The Year of Epidemics. — The year 1873 was 
remarkable for the prevalence of Cholera, Small 
Pox, Epizootic (ejj-e-zo-ot'-ic) Distemper, and Yellow 
Fever, which swept thousands into eternity. The 
Epizootic distemper aftected horses principally. 

17. Troubles with Spain. — The steamer Virginius^ 
a vessel owned by citizens of the United States, 
conveying filibusters to aid the Cubans, was cap- 
tured by the Spanish authorities in the fall of 1873, 
and all her crew except eighteen, were shot in 
Cuba. The Spaniards entertained some ill-feeling 
toward the United States because of this apparent 
interference in the aflairs of the island, but the 
course of the filibusters was disavowed, and Spain 
was satisfied. 

18. Troubles in Louisiana. — During the years 1873 
and 1874 difiiculties prevailed in Louisiana, which 
threatened the peace of the country. There were 
two rival governors — William P. Kellogg, Repub- 
lican, and John McEnery, Democrat; and rival 
legislatures were elected. For a while the State 
was in a condition bordering on anarchy. A large 
party opposed to the administration of Kellogg, 
whom the Federal Government sustained, rose m 
arms and took possession of the State House. Kel- 

* This great monetary disturbance checked for a time the 
progress of The Northern Pacific Railroad, begun in 1870. 



874 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

logg appealed to the President for help. The op- 
posing party were ordered to disperse, and United 
States troops were sent to New Orleans to enforce 
the order. {See '■'■Hayes's Administration,'' Tojnc 4, 
for account of further troubles in this State.) 

19. King Kalakaua's Visit. — The year 1875 was 
distinguished by a visit to the United States of 
Kalakaua (kah-lah-kah'-oo-ah), king of the Sand- 
wich Islands, Pacific Ocean. He came to learn 
something of our Government, national character, 
public institutions, etc. He was hospitably enter- 
tained, and returned home well pleased and bene- 
fited. 

20. Colorado Admitted. — Colorado — the " Centen- 
nial State" — was admitted as the thirty-eighth 
State, August 1st, 1876. Its name is of Spanish 
origin — of doubtful meaning. It was settled in 
1852 by some gold miners. It has since rapidly 
increased in population and importance. 

21. Demise of Some Eminent Men. — Grant's Ad- 
ministration was noted also for the number of pub- 
lic men who died. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary 
of "War under Lincoln, died in 1869. Gen. Robert 
E. Lee, President of "Washington and Lee Univer- 
sity, Gen. Geo. H. Thomas, and Admiral Farragut 
passed away in 1870. William H. Seward, Prof. 
Morse, Horace Greeley, and Gen. Meade were 
called from their earthly labors in 1872. Chief 
Justice Chase died in 1873 ; and in 1874, Senator 
Charles Sumner expired. Ex-President Andrew 
Johnson, John C. Breckinridge, and Vice-President 
Henry Wilson died in 1875. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



375 



22. The Custer Slaughter. — During the last year 
of President Grant's Administration the country 
was disturbed by a war with the Sioux Indians. 




George A. Custer. 



At variance with a previous treaty, these Indians 
delayed to occupy the reservation set apart for 
them ; and taking advantage of the discovery of 
^old among the Black Hills — territory partly 



376 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

within the reservation, and invaded by gold hunt- 
ers — the Sioux likewise disregarded the limits of 
the reserved district, and roamed at large through 
Wyoming and Montana Territories, burning houses^ 
stealing horses, and murdering whoever opposed 
them. In 1876 the Government undertook to drive 
them upon their reservation. A large force of sol- 
diers, under Generals Terry and Crook, was sent 
against them, and found the Sioux, led by their 
noted chief, Sitting Bull, near the Big Horn 
Mountains and River, in the region of the Upper 
Yellowstone. In July Gen. Geo. A. Ouster, with 
a detachment of 250 cavalry, charged into the In- 
dian encampment. The Sioux numbered 2,000 
under Sitting Bull. Of the details of the struggle 
that ensued very little is known. Every man in 
the detachment, including Custer himself, was 
killed — not a man survived to tell the tale. Cus- 
ter and his men were horribly mutilated. Informa- 
tion of the slaughter was afterward given by 
friendly Indians, who learned the particulars from 
the Sioux warriors. In November (1876) the Sioux 
were defeated at a pass in the Big Horn Mountains ; 
but Sitting Bull and his tribe succeeded in escaping 
to British America. The remaining bands have since 
been subdued. {See also ''Events o/1862," Topic 25.) 
The story of the Custer slaughter recalls to mind 
the account of Major Dade's massacre during the 
Seminole war in Florida, in 1835, related in the his- 
tory of the Seminoles. (Topic 9, Jackson's Admin- 
istration.) 

23. The Centennial Exhibition.— 1876, the great 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 377 

Centennial — the hundredth year of our existence 
as an independent nation — was celebrated at Phila- 
delphia by the grandest Exposition the world ever 
saw. Specimens of about all the country had pro- 
duced, invented, or manufactured during the past 
hundred years were there exhibited. Thousands of 
things, curious, unique and wonderful were to be 
seen. Representatives from almost every nation 
and country of the earth were there to witness the 
gigantic progress our Republic had made during 
that time, and also to place on exhibition produc- 
tions of their own skill and ingenuity. The im- 
mense buildings to accommodate the Centennial 
Exhibition were in course of erection two years 
before the opening of the "great show." The 
Exposition opened on the 10th of May and closed 
on the 10th of November — a period of six months. 
Visitors from all parts of the Union and of the world 
thronged the Exhibition Buildings and Grounds. 
The average daily attendance was 100,000 persons. 
On the 4th of July — the greatest day — upward 
of 275,000 people assembled to hear the reading of 
the Declaration of Independence from the original 
document, and to hear the oration of Hon. William 
M. EvARTS, the orator of the day. 

24. Visit of Dom Pedro.— The year 1876 is also 
signalized by the visit to this country of Dom Pedro, 
Emperor of Brazil, South America. He visited all 
the places of note, attended the Great Centennial, 
studied our Government, and made a favorable im- 
pression. He returned to his empire highly gratified 
with his visit. 



378 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1877—1881. 

1. Presidential Election of 1876. — The Democrats 
nominated Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, and 
Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The Republi- 
cans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and 
William A. Wheeler, of New York. A third — the 
Independent Greenback — party also appeared, and 
presented as candidates Peter Cooper, of New 
York, and Samuel F. Gary, of Ohio. 

The canvass was an exciting one, each party striv- 
ing hard to win. Owing to some irregularities in 
Louisiana, South Garolina, and Florida, the election 
was contested, and during the suspense of inves- 
tigation the whole country was excited. 

2. The Electoral Tribunal. — To adjust the election 
difficulties, it was finally decided to leave the select- 
ion of a President to the arbitration of an Electoral 
Tribunal, consisting of five members of the Senate, 
three of whom to be Republicans, and two. Demo- 
crats; live members of the House, three to be 
Democrats, and two. Republicans, and four Judges 
of the Supreme Gourt, who were to select a fifth as 
referee, thus making fifteen in the Tribunal. 

After examining the election returns from all 
the States, the Tribunal, in February, 1877, decided 
in favor of Hayes and Wheeler, who were accord- 
ingly inaugurated, March 5th, 1877.* 

*The 4th of March is the customary time of inauguration; 
but when this date falls upon Sunday, the President is inaugurated 
•on the 5th. It thus happened with Hayes's inauguration ; with 
"Washington's (second term); with Monroe's (second term); and 
vith Taylor's (1849) ; and the same will again occur in 1905. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



379 



3. Rutherford B. Hayes. — Presideut Hayes was 
born iu Ohio, iu 1822. He led his class at Kenyon 
College, graduated at the Cambridge Law School, 




KuTiiEUFOKi) B. Hayes. 



and acquired a fine legal practice at the bar of Cin- 
cinnati. In that city he held his first oflice, as city 
solicitor, in 1858. During the war, he served as 



oSO niSTTRY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

major uuder Rosecrans in West Virginia, and con- 
tinued in that field during the campaigns of 1862—3, 
gaining the brevet rank of major-general by his 
bravery. In the fall of 1864 he was elected to Con- 
gress from Cincinnati ; and was re-elected in 1866, 
but resigned a year later to accept the nomination 
for Governor. In that canvass he defeated his op- 
ponent ; and two years later, he won the office 
again. In 1872 he was again a candidate for Con- 
gress, but was defeated. In 1875 he was nomi- 
nated for governor for the third time; and his suc- 
cess resulted in his candidacy, upon the Kepublicaa 
ticket, for the Presidency. 

4. More Trouble iu Louisiana. — In 1876-7 political 
troubles again afflicted Louisiana. Packard, Repub- 
lican, and XicHOLLS, Democrat, both claimed the 
governorship — the former being sustained by the 
General Government, the latter by the people. The 
Xicholls government was finally triumphant, and 
peace and good order were restored, (^tf also 
Topic 18, ''Grant's Administration.''') 

5. Troubles in South Carolina. — In this year (1877) 
similar troubles existed in South Carolina — Hamp- 
ton, Democrat, and Chamberlain, Republican, con- 
tending for gubernatorial honoi-s and responsibility. 
The former was the choice of the people, but the 
latter was sustained, for a while, by the opposing 
party in power. Hampton's authority was finally 
recognized, and good government was triumphant. 

6. Civil Service Reform. — President Andrew Jack- 
son inaugurated the custom — since prevalent — of 
removing from ofiice political opponents and iu- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 881 

stalling mon of eong'oiiial ]>(>lilii's. This courso Inis 
not always soenred public oUicors ailaptoU to the 
^vork roquirod ot" thoni, anil lias also led to corrup- 
tion, since many appointments have been made us 
payment for political services. President Ilayea 
■was pledged to regulate both his appointments and 
dismissals by questions of personal worth. 

7. Railroad " Strikers."— The latter part of July 
(1877) was noted for numerous ",v//-/7.t.s " of railroad 
cmploj^es. In various portions of Pennsylvania, 
especially at Pittsburgh, they revolted en masse, 
joined by roughs, rioters, and other disorderly per- 
sons, and destroyed millions of dollars worth of 
property — chiefly railroad property. The militia 
was called out to quell them; and after considera- 
ble bloodshed order was restored. 

Similar occurrences took })lace in other large 
cities of the country, — at New York, St. Louis, 
Philadelphia, Chicago, and Baltimore, — and mil- 
lions of railroad property were destroyed, and many 
lives lost. The rioters were finally put down by 
the militia. It is due the strikers to state that the 
destruction of property Avas mainly perpetrated by 
the roughs and like bad characters, who joined the 
strikers for the purpose of robbery. 

The cause of these disturbances was the reduc- 
tion of wages made by railroad companies, induced 
by a reduction of freight rates — the result of com- 
petition among the ditferent roads. 

8. War with Indians of Idalio. — In the spring of 
this year (1877) a war broke out with the Nt:z 
Pekoes Indians of Idaho. In 1854 the Government 



382 HISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES, 

purchased a part of their territory, large reserva- 
tions hein^^ made in portions of Idaho and Oregon ; 
but some of the chiefs refused to ratify the compact 
and remained at hirge. The Indians committing 
their usual depredations, Gen. Howard was sent 
against them with a small force. The Indians, led 
by their noted chieftain, Joseph, eluded the United 
States troops by fleeing in various directions, thus 
avoiding battle. For several months the pursuit 
was continued without overtaking them. In the 
fall Gen. Howard, joined by Col. Miles, drove them 
across the Missouri River and surrounded them near 
Bear Paw Mountains. Here, on October 4th, they 
were attacked by the forces of Col. Miles. A hard 
battle was fought and the Indians were nearly all 
killed or taken prisoners, a few only escaping. 

9. The Murphy Temperance Movement. — The win- 
ter of 187T-TS was signalized by a great temperance 
wave that moved over the country, doing much 
good. This reformatory movement was started by 
pRAXCis Murphy, a reclaimed inebriate. '-Murphy 
Meetings" were held in almost every city and vil- 
lasre. Thousands of men — moderate drinkers and 
inebriates — were induced to wear the *' blue badge," 
the emblem of soberness. Temperance orators 
spread the cause everywhere ; the greatest enthu- 
siasm prevailed ; men addicted to the immoderate 
use of intoxicating liquors would at these meetings 
tell of their personal experience with strong drink, 
and of its blighting eifects. The results of this 
movement (though not a permanent organization) 
were of much benefit to thousands of people. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 383 

10. The Bland Silver Bill.— Iti 1873 Congress de- 
monetized silver and made gold the sole standard 
of our currency. Opposition to this measure 
gradually arose, and in December, 1877, a bill was 
introduced in Congress making silver a legal tender 
in payment of all debts. This measure, after hav- 
ing been amended, was passed February 21st, 1878. 

11. Deaih of William Cullea Bryant— On the 12th 
of June, 1878, at the ad- 
vanced age of eighty-four, 
"William Cullen Bryant, 
America's greatest poet and 
journalist, passed from 
among the living. "For 
more than sixty years his 
name had been known and 
honored wherever the Eng- 
lish language is spoken. 

■cr;« ijf^ u J u • • William Cullen Bryant. 

His lite had been an inspi- 
ration, and the brightest light of American litera- 
ture was extinguished in his death.'' 

12. The Yellow Fever Epidemic. — During the sum- 
mer and fall of this year (1878) the Yellow Fever 
Epidemic raged with terrible fatality through the 
South, especially in the cities of New Orleans, La., 
Memphis, Tenn., Grenada, Miss., Hickman, Ky., 
Mobile, Ala., Savannah, Ga,, and extended even to 
some of the northern cities. linearly all the cities 
of the country established strict quarantine regula- 
tions and a system of disinfection. Money and 
supplies were sent to the afflicted South from all 
parts of the country. Business was almost wholly 




384 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

suspended in the stricken places, and trade of all 
kinds was exceedingly dull. Thousands of refu- 
«:ees sought safety in iiight from their homes. Fully 
14,000 persons fell victims to the devastating plague, 
the virulence of which ceased only on the appear- 
ance of heavy frosts. 

Again, in the summer of 1879, the city of Mem- 
phis was sorely afflicted with the same dreadful 
malady. Thousands of her citizens sought safety 
in iiight to other regions, returning onlj- when frost 
destroyed the fever germ. {See also " Washington's 
Administration," Topic 6.) 

13. Gen. Grant's Tour.— In May, 1877, Gen. U. S. 
Orant, ex-President, started with his escort from 
Philadelphia on a tour around the world. He vis- 
ited all the principal countries, and was grandly 
entertained wherever he went, as a guest and repre- 
sentative from a great and free liepublic. Through 
him the United States received the greatest honors 
and respect from all the nations of the earth, lie- 
turning in September, 1879 — after an absence of 
m.ore than two years — he landed at San Francisco, 
California, where his arrival was celebrated by a 
grand procession and public ceremony. He also 
received immense ovations in many of the large 
cities of the country — being honored as no other 
public man of the United States was ever honored. 
He afterward visited Cuba and Mexico. 

14. The Chinese Question. — The Chinese immigra- 
tion to this country now numbers over 150,000, of 
whom upward of 60,000 are in California. Under 
the direction of contractors, they come to America 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 385 

in large companies, seeking employment at very 
low wages, in the mines, factories, market garden- 
ing, and domestic service. It has been feared by 
some that the relation of these "heathen" with 
the contractors may abridge personal liberty, and 
that the presence of hosts of such immigrants may 
prove injurious to the morals of the community. 

In 1879 President Hayes vetoed a bill passed by 
Congress, which had for its object the prohibition 
of further immigration from China. Here the 
matter rests. 

15. Negro Exodus. — Induced by misrepresenta- 
tions of politicians, and by a desire and hope of 
bettering their circumstancee, many negroes of the 
South in 1879 removed to some of the Northern 
States. At home, their condition is that of agri- 
cultural laborers, with plenty of work and moder- 
ate pay, though, on the whole, they are probably 
as comfortably placed as white laborei's on farms at 
the North. As a rule, they have little plats of 
land about their cabins to till for their own benefit. 
It is much to be questioned whether the agitators, 
who sought and are still seeking to make them dis- 
contented with the present state of affairs, are not 
really doing them much harm by exposing them to 
the severity of competition in the labor market, of 
which they have hitherto had no idea. 

16. The Ute Indians.— In the fall of 1879 trouble 
arose with the Ute Indians, occupying a portion of 
Colorado. The provocation of hostilities was the 
seizure of a tract of farm land by the national 
agent, Mr. Meeker. The fracas is unworthy of the 

25 



3^6 HISTORY OF THE UyiTEP STATES. 

name oi war. ai^ iis chief features were the massa- 
cre of ihe whites of the Ageoey. the seizure of the 
women, and several skirmishes with small forces of 
regular troops. Further troubles were averted by 
the interference of Chief Oitiat, whereby the cap- 
tives were released, and a promise given of surren- 
dering the hostile Indians. The Utes were after- 
ward removed to another reservation. 

17. The Tenth Census. — In ISSO was completed the 
tenth census of the Cnited States. The results 
presented were of the most encouraging character. 
The last decade had been a period of great pros- 
perity. The ninth census (1S70)* showed the popu- 
lation of the country to be 3S,5S7.000 : that of ISSO 
gave a total of 50,152,866 souls, being an increase 
of thirty per cent. Of the hirge cities, there were 
ten with a population of over 2i>0,000, and ten hav- 
ing over 100.000. Xew York had over 1^00,000 
inhabitants : Phihidelphia, about 850,000 : Brook- 
lyn, over 560,000: Chicago, over 500.000; Boston, 
360.000: St. Louis, over 350.000: Baltimore. 330,000. 
The American Tnion now consists of thirty-eight 
States and eleven Territories.r with Alaska and the 
Indian Territory, aggregating 3.604,000 square 
miles of land. The whole area of the United 
States and Territories, including water surface of 
lakes and rivers, is equal to nearly -4,000.000 square 
miles. 

In ISSO the immigration to this country was 
greater than in any previous year. 

*See Topic 5, pag^ — . 

■^See note to Topic 6, on psi^e — . 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 38 1 

GARFTEL D'S A DMISISTSA TIOX. 
1881—. 

1. Election aud Iiiaiiifuratioii. — In the Presiden- 
tial campaign of ISSO, the Kopnblioans nominated 
James A. Gakfielp, of Ohio, for President, Avith 
Chester A. Arthur for Vice-President. The Demo- 
crats presented ai^ candidates General "SVinfield S. 
Hancock, of Xew York, and "SViluam II. English. 
The Greenbacks nominated James B. Weaver and 
B. J. Chambers. Gartield and Arthnrwere elected. 
Of the 369 Electoral votes, Gartield received ^l-t 
and Hancock 155. The Electoral vote of Georgia 
was cast irregularly, on the second Wednesday of 
December, instead of the tirst Wednesday, as re- 
quired by act of Congress. In the count of the 
Electoral vote, February 9, 1S81, Congress declared 
Hancock to have received 155 votes if Georgia were 
counted, aud 144 votes if not counted ; that in 
either case, Gartield had received a majority of the 
votes, aud was duly elected. On March 4, 1881, 
he was inaugurated twentieth President amidst the 
grandest civic and military display that the capital 
has ever witnessed. 

2. James A. Garfield. — He was born in Ohio in 1831. 
He was the youngest of four children, dependent 
upon a widowed mother. While a boy he attended 
the district school during the winter months. As 
soon as he was old enough he aided his mother by 
working at the carpenter's trade. Afterward he 
went as teamster or boatman on the canal. He also 



388 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



taught school, attending an academy alternately 
until his twenty-second year, when he entered 




James A. Garfield. 



Williams College, in Massachusetts. Here, after 
two years of study, he graduated with high honors, 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 389 

after which he returned to his home in Ohio, where 
he was made teacher of Latin and Greek in the 
Eclectic Institute, and soon after president of the 
same. Adopting the profession of law, he took aa 
active part in poHtics. In 1859 he represented two 
counties in the Ohio Legislature, where he soon 
took a high position as a well-read politician and 
an eloquent and witty debater. On the breaking 
out of the Civil War Mr. Garfield at once identi- 
fied himself with the interests of the ISTorth, and 
held almost every position in the army from lieu- 
tenant to general. During the war he was elected to 
Congress. His sterling good sense and fine abilities 
made him very popular, and he was re-elected by a 
large majority. He is devoted to hard work and 
close study, possessing great breadth of thought 
and soundness of judgment. 

3. Attempted Assassination of President Garfield. — 

On the morning of July 2nd, as the President, with 
a number of his friends, was at the railroad depot 
at "Washington, awaiting the departure of the train 
for Long Branch, he was twice fired upon by an 
eccentric or, probably, insane man, named Charles 
J. Guiteau. Both shots took eflfect ; and for sev- 
eral weeks the President's condition was very crit- 
ical, yet, owing to his correct and strictly temperate 
habits of life, he recovered. This infamous and 
fiendish attempt to strike down the head of the 
Government was not the promptings of any politi- 
cal conspiracy, but solely the individual act of a 
disappointed and partially insane office-seeker. The 
announcement of the deed was in less than an hour 



390 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

flashed over the wires to all sections of the Union, 
and produced intense excitement, — similar to that 
of the assassination of President Lincoln, in 1865. 
Occurring during a time of peaceful sectional feel- 
ing and of unprecedented prosperity, the event was 
wholly unexpected and devoid of political motive. 
Expressions of sympathy, and of horror at the 
dastardly act, were telegraphed from all parts of 
the country, and from all the nations of the world. 
The would-be assassin was immediately arrested 
and taken to prison. At the time of closing our 
history (July), the investigating trial of Guiteau 
has not taken place, but he will be dealt with in 
conformity to the laws of a great and dignified 
Republic. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



391 



ANALYTIC SY:N^0PSIS. 



GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTION V. 



XIII. 



EVENTS 



FROM 



1865 



TO 



1881. 



1. Johnson's 
Administration. 



2. Grant's 
Administration. 



3. Hayes's 
Administration. 



Amnesty Proclamation, 
The Thirteenth Ameudment, 
The Civil Rights Bill, 
The Fenians, 
The Atlantic Cable. 
The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, 
Nebraska Admitted, 
Purchase of Alaska, 
Mexico and France, 
The Tenure of Office Bill, 
Impeachment Trial, 
Treaty with China, 
Seceded States Re-admitted, 
Fourteenth Amendment, 
Indian War. 

The Pacific Railroad, 
Fifteenth Amendment, 
The Census of 1870. . 
The Alabama Difficulty, 
Great Fire in Chicago, 
San Domingo, 
Great Fire in Boston, 
North-western Boundary, 
The Modoc War, 
Credit Mobilier, 
The Financial Panic of 1873, 
The Year of Epidemics, 
Troubles with Spain, 
Visit of Alexis, 
Troubles in Louisiana, 
Kalakaua's Visit, 
The Custer Slaughter, 
Colorado Admitted, 
The Centennial Exhibition, 
Visit of Dom Pedro. 

The Electoral Tribunal, 

Troubles in Louisiana, 

Troubles in South Carolina, 

Civil Service Reform, 

Railroad Strikers, 

War with Indians of Idaho, 

Murphy Temperance Movement, 

The Bland Silver Bill, 

Yellow Fever Epidemic, 

General Grant's Tour, 

The Chinese Question, 

Negro Exodus, 

Ute Indian Troubles, 

The Census of 1880. 



392 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PRESIDENTIAL. 

1. Onr Presidents. — The names of the various 
Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States 
ill the order of their election are: 

PRESIDENTS. VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

1. Geo. Washington...! 789-1797 — 2 termfs John Adams. 

2. John Adams 1797-1801 — 1 term Thomas Jefferson. 

3. Thos. Jefferson 1801-1809— 2 terms.... 1 1^"'"''" ^J^^^; 

I. treorge Clinton. 

4. James Madison 1809-1817-2 terms.... j gr^J ^'';."''^- 

L J^lbridge Gerry. 

5. James Monroe 1817-1825— 2 terms D. D. Tompkins. 

6. John Q.Adams 1825-1829— 1 term John C. Calhoun. 

7. Andrew Jackson...1829-1837-2 terms.... Hf^^\p''''S"'- 

(. Martin Van Buren. 

8. MartinVanBitren.1837-1841— 1 term R. M. Johnson. 

9. Wm. H. Harrison'M841-1841— 1 month John Tyler. 

10. John Tyler 1841-1845 — 3 yr 11 mo...Pres. Sen. pro tem.* 

11. James K. Polk 1845-1849—1 term Geortje M. Dallas. 

12. Zachary Taylor... 1849-1 850—1 yr4 mo.... MUlard Fillmore. 

13. Millard Fillmore.1850-1853 — 2 yr 8 mo.... Pres. Sen.protem.* 

14. Franklin Pierce...1853-1857— 1 term Wm. R. King. 

15. James Buck an an... 1857-1 861 — 1 term J. C.Breckinridge. 

16. Abraham Lincoln..1861-1865-4 yr 1 mo| ^«7*«^_ p"^^^'^- 

•^ (. Andreiv Johnson. 

17. Andrew Johnson... 1865-1 869 — 3 jt 11 mo..Pres. Sen. pro tem* 

(Schuyler Coljax. 
Henry Wilson. 
Pres. Sen. pro tern.* 

19. K. B. Hayes 1877-1881—1 term Wm. A. Wheeler. 

20. James A.Garfield.1881 G. A. Arthur. 

*In case of the President's death, resignation, removal from 
office, or inability to discharge its duties, the Vice-President takes 
his place; and in case of the Vice-President's disability, the presi- 
dent of the Senate pro tempore officiates as President. In case there 
is no president of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives acts as President. The President is commander-in-chief 
of the army and navy, and with the consent of the Senate, makes 
treaties and appoints ministers, consuls, judges of the Supreme 
Court, and other officers. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 393 

2. Facts Concerning the Presidents. — From the 
history of the Presidents we learn the following 
facts : 

Virginia had five — Washington, Jefferson, Mad- 
ison, Monroe, and Tyler. 

Maasachusetts had two — John Adams and John 
Quincy Adams. 

JSTew York had two — Van Buren and Fillmore. 

Pennsylvania had one — Buchanan. 

ITew Hampshire had one — Pierce. 

Ohio had three — Harrison, Hayes, and Garfield. 

Tennessee had three — Jackson, Polk, and John- 
son. 

Louisiana had one — Taylor. 

Illinois had two — Lincoln and Grant. 

Those serving two terms were : Washington, Jef- 
ferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, and Grant. 

Harrison, Taylor, and Lincoln died in office ; and 
Tyler, Fillmore, and Johnson, Vice - Presidents, 
then became Presidents. 

Madison was President during the War of 1812. 

Jackson was President during the Texan War. 

Polk was President during the Mexican War. 

Lincoln was President during the Civil War. 

The average age of the Presidents, at the time 
of inauguration, first term, was 57 years. 

Three of them — John Adams, Jeflerson, and 
Monroe — died on the 4th of July. 

The Federals elected two — John Adams and John 
Quincy Adams. 

The Republicans (the old Republicans, as opposed 
to the Federalists) elected two — Jefferson and Mad- 
ison. 



394 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The Democrats elected five — Jackson,Vaii Buren, 
Polk, Pierce, and Buchanan. 

The Whigs elected two — Harrison and Taylor. 

The Republicans (new) elected four — Lincoln, 
Grant, Hayes, and Garfield. 

"Washington and Monroe were elected without 
party opposition. 

3. About Vice-Presidents. — John Adams, Thomas 
Jefierson, and Martin Van Buren were elected to 
the Presidency after filling the ofiice of Vice-Pres- 
ident. 

Tyler, Fillmore, and Johnson became Presidents 
through the death of the incumbents of the Presi- 
dential ofiice ; and the President of the Senate, 'pro 
tem., officiated as Vice-President. 

Aaron Burr, the third Vice-President, was one 
of the most brilliant men of the country, but his 
genius led him into grave errors. 

George Clinton and Elbridge Gerry died in office. 

Daniel D. Tompkins resigned after serving two 
years. 

John C. Calhoun resigned to represent South 
Carolina in the Senate (1832). 

William li. King died six weeks after the inau- 
guration of Pierce. 

Henry Wilson died two years and about eight 
months after Grant's second induction to the Pres- 
idency. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 395 



RECAPITULATION. 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN SECTION V. 
(national period.) 

1865. Freedmen's Bureau Bill passed, March. 
1865. President Lincoln assassinated by John 

Wilkes Booth, April 14th. 
1865. Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, became 

President, April 15th. 
1865. Amnesty Proclamation issued by President 

Johnson, May 29th. 

1865. Thirteenth Amendment passed by Congress, 

December 18th. 

1866. Civil Rights Bill passed by Congress, April 9. 

1866. Atlantic Cable successfully laid, June. 

186 - Fenians invaded Canada, but were suppressed 
by the United States, June. 

1867. Freedmen's Bureau Bill amended and con- 

tinued, July. 
1867. Nebraska admitted as the thirty-seventh 

State, March 1st. 
1867. Tenure-of-Office Bill passed, March. 
1867. Alaska purchased by the United States, 

April. 
1867. Maximilian shot by the Liberals in Mexico, 

June 16th. 

1867. Reconstruction Act passed over the Presi- 

dent's veto. 

1868. Impeachment Trial of President Johnson 

ended in his acquittal, March 23d. 
1868. All the Seceded States re-admitted. 



396 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1868. Full Pardon and Amnesty granted to all 

without exception, July 4th. 
1868. Fourteenth Amendment passed by Congress, 

July 28th. 
1868. Indian "War suppressed in the southwest. 

1868. Important Treaty made with China. 

1869. Grant inaugurated eighteenth President, 

March 4th. 
1869. Pacific Railroad completed and opened, May 
10th. 

1869. Edwin M. Stanton died, December. 

1870. Fifteenth Amendment adopted, March 30th. 
1870. The 9th census taken— population 38,587,000. 

1870. Robert E. Lee, General George H. Thomas, 

and Admiral Farragut died. 

1871. San Domingo applied for admission, but was 

refused. 

1871. Great Fire destroyed a large portion of Chi- 

cago, October 8th and 9th. 

1872. William H. Seward, Prof. Morse, Horace. 

Greeley, and General Meade died. 
1872. Credit Mobilier afiair investigated. 
1872. The Alabama difficulty settled. 
1872. Alexis, Grand Duke of Russia, visited the 

United States. 
1872. Northwestern Boundary settled, October. 
1872. A great fire broke out in Boston, November 

9th. 

1872. Grant re-elected President, November. 

1873. Great Financial Panic in the United States. 
1873. Modoc Indians subdued, June. 

1873. Cholera, Small Pox, Epizootic, and Yellow 
Fever, in the United States. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 397 

1873. Cuban Filibusters of the Virginius executed 
in Cuba. 

1873. Chief-Justice Chase died. 

1873-74. Kellogg-McEnery Troubles afflicted Lou- 
isiana. 

1874. Senator Charles Sumner died. 

1875. Andrew Johnson, John C. Breckinridge, and 

Henry Wilson died. 

1875. Kalakaua, king of the Sandwich Islands vis- 

ited the United States. 

1876. Great Centennial Exhibition opened at Phil- 

adelphia, May 10th. 

1876. Colorado admitted as the thirty-eighth State, 
August Ist. 

1876. General Custer's command slaughtered by 
the Sioux, July. 

1876. Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, visited the 
United States. 

1876. Great Centennial Exhibition closed, Novem- 
ber 10th. 

1876. Sioux defeated in the Big Horn Mountains, 
November. 

1876. Presidential Election contested, November 

and December. 

1877. Nicholls-Packard troubles afflicted Louisiana. 
1877. Electoral Tribunal awarded the Presidency to 

Hayes and Wheeler, February. 
1877. Hayes and Wheeler inaugurated, March 5th. 
1877. General Grant started on his tour around the 

world, May 1st. 
1877. Hampton-Chamberlain trouble afflicted South 

Carolina. 



898 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1877. Railroad Employes strike for higher wages. 

1877. War with the Nez Perces Indians, of Idaho. 
1877-78. Murphy Temperance Movement flour- 
ished. 

1878. Electric Light first applied by Edison. 
1878. Bland Silver Bill passed by Congress, Febru- 
ary 21st. 

1878. Yellow Fever Epidemic raged in the South, 
summer and fall. 

1878. William Cullen Bryant, poet and journalist, 

died, June 12. 

1879. Yellow Fever again afilicted the South, espe- 

cially the city of Memphis, summer. 

1879. General Grant returned from his tour around 
the world, September. 

1879. President Hayes vetoed the Chinese Immi- 
gration Bill. 

1879. Negro Exodus from some of the Southern 
States to the North, autumn. 

1879. Ute Indians subdued, autumn. 

1880. The Tenth Census takea, June. 

1880. Presidential Election, James A. Garfield, Re- 

publican, elected twentieth President. 

1881. Garfield inaugurated by grand civic and mili- 

tary display, March 4th. 



ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF THE STATES— REVIEWED. 
The various States derived their names as follows : 

Maine means the main-land. 

New Hampshire, from the county oi Hampshire, England. 
Vermont, from two French words, verd and moni, meaning 
" Green Mountains." 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 399 

Massachusetts, from an Indian word meaning " The place of 

great hills." 

Rhode Island, from the Island of Rhodes, in the Mediterranean 

Sea. 

Connecticut, from an Indian word signifying "Long Biver." 

New York, in honor of the Duke of York, England. 

New Jersey, in honor of the governor of Jersey Island, coast of 

France. 

Delaware, in honor of Lord Delaware. 

Pennsylvania, from Pemi and sylvia, meaning "Penn's Woods.'* 

Maryland, in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria. 

Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the " Virgin Queen." 

North Carolina, ) In honor of Charles II. of England. 

South Carolina, / Charles, in Latin, is Carolus. 

Georgia, in honor of George II. of England. 

Florida, a Spanish word, meaning "Blooming." 

Alabama, an Indian word, meaning "Here we Rest." 

Mississippi, an Indian word, meaning "Great Father of Waters,'* 

Louisiana, in honor of Louis XI V. of France. 

Texas, origin doubtful, but supposed to be a Mexican word. 

Arkansas, from the name of a tribe of Indians. 

Missouri, an Indian word, meaning "Muddy Waters." 

Tennessee, an Indian word, meaning "River with a Great Bend.'* 

Kentucky, an Indian word, meaning "/)arA and Bloody Ground.'* 

Indiana, an Indian word, meaning "Indian Ground." 

Illinois, an Indian word, meaning "River of Men." 

Ohio, an Indian word, meaning "Beautiful River." 

Michigan, an Indian word, meaning ^' Great Lakes." 

Wisconsin, an Indian word, meaning "Gathering of Waters." 

Iowa, an Indian word, meaning "Drowsy Ones." 

Minnesota, an Indian word, meaning "Cloudy Water.'* 

Kansas, an Indian word, meaning "Smoky Water." 

Nebraska, an Indian word, meaning " Water Valley." 

Nevada, a Spanish word, meaning "Snoiv Covered." 

California, a character in an old Spanish romance. 

West Virginia, from Virginia proper. 

Oregon, from the Spanish Oregano, wild marjoram. 

Colorado, a Spanish word of doubtful meaning. 



400 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



POPULAR NAMES OF THE STATES. 

The popular names of the States of the American 
Union are as follows : 

Maine— The " Pine Tree " State, the " Border " State. 

New Hampshire — the " Granite " State. 

Vermont — the " Green Mountain " State, 

Massachusetts — the " Bay " State. 

Khode Island — " Little Ehody." 

Connecticut— the "Land of Steady Habits," the "Nutmeg" 
State. 

New York — the " Empire " State. 

New Jersey — the " Clam " State. 

Delaware— the " Blue Hen's Chicken," the " Diamond " State. 

Pennsylvania — the " Keystone " State. 

Maryland — the " Oyster " State. 

Virginia — the " Old Dominion." 

North Carolina— the " Old North " State, the " Turpentine " 
State. 

South Cakolina — the " Palmetto " State. 

Georgia — the " Buzzard " State. 

Florida — the " Peninsula " State. 

Alabama — the " Lizard " State. 

Mississippi — the " Bayou " State. 

Louisiana — the " Creole" State. 

Texas— the " Lone Star " State. 

Arkansas — the " Bear " State. 

Missouri — the "Pike" State. 

Tennessee — the " Big Bender " State. 

Kentucky — the " Corn-Cracker," the " Blue Grass " State. 

Indiana — the '' Hoosier " State. 

Illinois— the "Sucker," the "Prairie" State. 

Ohio— the " Buckeye " State. 

Michigan— the " Wolverine," the " Lake " State. 

Wisconsin — the " Badger " State. 

Iowa — the " Hawkeye " State. 

Minnesota — the " Gopher " State. 

Kansas — the " Garden of the West." 

Nebraska — the " Bug Eating " State. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 401 

Nevada — the "Mining" State. 

California— the "Golden" State. 

AVest Virginia — part of the " Old Dominion." 

Oregon — the " State of Hard Cases." 

Colorado — the " Centennial " State, the " Silver " State. 



MOTTOES OF THE STATES. 

United States — E Plurihus Unum, " Out of Many, one." 

Alabama — Has no motto. 

Arkansas — Regnant populi, " The people rule." 

California— £M7-e/;a, "I have found it." 

Colorado — Nil sine numine, " Nothing can be done without 
divine aid." 

Connecticut — Qui translulil suUinet, "He who brought us over 
sustains us." 

Delaware — " Liberty and Independence." 

Florida — " In God we trust." 

Georgia — " Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation." 

Illinois — " State Sovereignty, National Union." 

Indiana — Has no motto. 

Iowa— "Our liberties we prize, our rights we will maintain." 

Kansas — Ad astra per aspera, " To the stars through difficulties." 

Kentucky — " United we stand, divided we fall." 

Louisiana — " Justice, Union, and Confidence." 

MAi'SE—Bivigo, " I direct." 

Maryland — Crescile et mulliplicamini, " Increase and multiply." 

Massachusetts — Ense petit placidam sub liberiaie quietem, " By 
the sword she seeks placid rest in liberty," or " Conquers a peace." 

Michigan — Tuehor, and. Si quceris peninsulam amcenam circum- 
spice, " I will defend " ; " If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look 
around you." 

Minnesota— L'£'<oi7e du Nord, " The Star of the North." 

Missouri — <Sa/us populi suprema lex esto, " Let the welfare of the 
people be the supreme law." 

Mississippi — Has no motto. 

Nebraska — "Equality before the law." 

New Hampshire — Has no motto. 

New Jersey — " Liberty and Independence." 

26 



402 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

New York — Excelsior, " Higher." 

North Carolina — Has no motto. 

Nevada — Volens et polens, " Willing and Able." 

Ohio — Imperium in imperio, " An empire in an empire." 

Oregon — Alis volat propriUs, " She flies with her own wings.' 

Pennsylvania — " Virtue, Liberty and Independence." 

Rhode Island — " Hope." 

Sooth Carolina — Animis opibusque paraii, " Ready in will and 
deed." 

Tennessee — " Agriculture, Commerce," 

Texas — Has no motto. 

Vermont — "Freedom and Unity." 

Virginia — Sic semper iyrannis, " So always with tyrants." 

West Virginia — Montani semper liberi, " Mountaineers are al- 
ways freemen." 

Wisconsin — " Forward." 



ADMISSION OF THE STATES— REVIEWED, 
Besides the Thirteen Original States: 

Vermont was admitted as the 14th State, March 4, 1791. 
Kentucky was admitted as the 15th State, June 1, 1792. 
Tennessee was admitted as the 16th State, June 1, 1796. 
Ohio was admitted as the 17th State, November 29, 1802. 
Louisiana was admitted as the 18th State, April 8, 1812. 
Indiana was admitted as the 19th State, December 11, 1816. 
Mississippi was admitted as the 20th State, December 10, 1817. 
Illinois was admitted as the 21st State, December 3, 1818. 
Alabama was admitted at the 22d State, December 14, 1819. 
Maine was admitted as the 23d State, March 15, 1820. 
Missouri was admitted as the 24th State, August 10, 1821. 
Arkansas was admitted as the 25th State, June 15, 1836. 
Michigan was admitted as the 26th State, January 26, 1837. 
Florida was admitted as the 27th State, March 3, 1845. 
Texas was admitted as the 28th State, December 27, 1845. 
Iowa was admitted as the 29th State, December 28, 1846. 
Wisconsin was admitted as the 30th State, May 29, 1848. 
California was admitted as the 31st State, September 9, 1850. 
Minnesota was admitted as the 32d State, May 11, 1858. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 403 

Oregon was admitted as the 33rd State, February 14, 1859. 
Kansas was admitted as tlie 34th State, January 29, 1861. 
West Virginia was admitted as the 35th State, June 30, 1863. 
Nevada was admitted as the 36th State, October 31, 1864. 
Nebraska was admitted as the 37th State, March 1, 1867. 
Colorado was admitted as the 38th State, August 1, 1876. 



EMINENT AMERICAN INVENTORS. 
The followiug are the names of some of the 
most eminent inventors of the United States, with 
the year in which the inventions were successfully 
applied : 

Benjamin Franklin, inventor of the Lightining-rod 1752: 

John Fitch first applied steam pmver to navigation 1787 

Eli Whitney, inventor of the Cotton Gin 179$ 

Thomas Blanchard, inventor of the Tack Machine 1806 

Robert Fulton, inventor of the Steamboat 1807 

Jethro Wood, inventor of the Modem cast-iron Ploiu 1819 

Ross Winans, inventor of the R. R. Passenger Car 1828 

Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of the Electric Telegraph 1837 

Charles Goodyear, inventor of Vulcanized Rubber... 183^ 

Elias Howe, inventor of the Sewing Machine 1843 

Thomas H. Barlow, inventor of i\\Q Planetarium 184S 

Cyrus H. McCormick, inventor of the Harvesting Machine 1845 

James Lyall, inventor of the Positive-motion Loom 1868 

James B. Eads, originator and constructor of the great steel 

bridge over the Mississippi at St. Louis 1867 

and of the jetties below New Orleans 1876 

Prof. Graham Bell, inventor of the Telephone 1877 

rrii A Tpj- r Inventor of the Talking Phonograph 1877 

Thomas A. Edison, | .< „ j^^^^ Light....... 187S 

T. W. Tobin, the inventor of the Sine-Pendulum 1878 



404 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

AMERICANS EMINENT IN LITERATURE AND ART. 

The following are the names of some Americans 
distinguished in literature and art: 

Benjamin Franklin, literary, political, and scientific writer. 

Jonathan Edwards, metaphysician. 

Noah Webster and Joseph E. Worcester, lexicographers. 

Bowditch, Rittenhouse, Loomis, and Davies, mathematicians. 

Louis Agassiz, Alex. Wilson, and the Audubons, naturalists. 

Irving, novelist, historian, and biographer. 

Cooper, Brown, Hawthorne, Fenimore, and Arthur, novelists. 

Prescott, Bancroft, Motley, Headley, Sparks, Lossing, and Hil- 
dreth, historians. 

Freneau, Bryant, Longfellow, Willis, Lowell, Emerson, Holm&s, 
Whittier, Halleck, Poe, and Dana, poets. 

Powers, Greenough, Hart, Story, and Harriet Hosmer, .<?culptors. 

Copley, West, Stuart, Trumbull, Vanderlyn, AlLston, Peale, 
and Sully, painters. 

William CuUen Bryant, Horace Greeley, James Gordon Ben- 
nett, Sr., and George D. Prentice, journalists. 

Webster, Clay, Hayne, Everett, Calhoun, Prentiss, and Sumner, 
orators. 

Charles F. Browne, P. B. Shillaber, H. W. Shaw, Samuel L. 
Clemens, and D. R. Locke, humorists. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

1. What States were admitted during Washington's Administra- 

tion? — During Jefferson's Administration? — Madison's Ad- 
ministration ? — Monroe's ? — Jackson's ? — Tyler's ? — Polk's ? 
— Fillmore's ? — Buchanan's ? — Lincoln's ? — Johnson's ? — 
Grant's? Name the Administrations during which no 
States were admitted. 

2. Name all the Presidents of the United States, in the order of 

their succession. How many and which of them served two 
terms each? Which of them died while in office? By 
whom were they, respectively, succeeded in office? 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 405 

3. What addition was made to the Union during Jeffersori^s Ad- 

ministration? — What during Mae^ison's? — What during 
Monroe's ? — What during Jackson's ? — What during Tyler's? 
— During Polk's? — During Fillmore's? — During Buchan- 
an's? — During Lincoln's? — During Johnson's? — During 
Grant's? 

4. What three ex-Presidents died on the 4th of July? 

5. What territory has the United States acquired by purchase ? — 

By conquest ? — By annexation ? 

6. What Vice-Presidents were afterwards elected Presidents? 

7. Which is the longer, the Atlantic Cable or the Pacific Kail- 

road ? 

8. What father and son were Presidents ? 

9. In whose Administration was the largest number of States ad- 

mitted to the Union? 

10. What five ex-Presidents died in the decade between 1860 and 

1870? 

11. How long did each of the five great wars last : (1) the French 

and Indian War; (2) the Kevolutionary War; (3) the War 
of 1812; (4) the Mexican War; and (5) the Civil War? 

12. State the cause or causes of each of these wars. 

13. Name the principal battles of each. 

14. Name the Presidents and Vice-Presidents in chronological 

order. 

15. How many Presidents were Virginians? — How many were 

Ohioans? State to what party each President belonged. 
On what issue was Polk elected President? 

16. What States were named from mountain ranges ?— How many 

and what States were named from their principal rivers? 

17. How did Harrison gain his popularity? — Taylor? 

18. For how many years has the United States been involved in 

war? 

19. What President was impeached ? 

20. What President vetoed the measures of the party which elected 

him to office? 

21. From what States have Presidents been elected? 

22. What President elect went to Washington City in disguise, and 

why? 

23. What was " squatter sovereignty " ? — Who was its author? 

24. When was the Erie Canal opened?— The Pacific Kailroad? 



406 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

25. When was the first magnetic telegraph? 

26. What President was not elected to that office by the people? 

27. To what party did Henry Clay belong? — John Q. Adams? — 

Thomas Jefferson? — John C.Calhoun? — Andrew .Jackson? 
— Daniel Webster? — Stephen A. Donghis? — Alexander 
Hamillon ? — George Washington ? — Harrison? — Buchanan? 
— Lincoln ? — Grant ? — Hayes ? — Garfield ? 

28. What was the " Dred Scott Decision " ? 

29. What was the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill " ? 

oO. Name some unsuccessful candidates for the Presidency. 

31. Who were the " Filibusters " ? 

32. Why was " Stonewall " .Jackson so called? 

S3. Name the most prominent event of JefTerson's Administration. 
—Of Jackson's.— Of Madison's.— Of Polk's.— Of Lincoln's.— 
Of Grant's. 

34. Who was President in 1812?— In 1832 ?-In 1846?— In 1850? 

—In 1861?— In 1876?— In 1880?— Who is now President? 

35. What President was once a tailor's apprentice ? 

36. What Presidents were inaugurated on the 5th of March? 

37. Name some eminent inventors. — Name some Americans emi- 

nent in literature and art. 

38. Which was the year of epidemics ? 

39. Name the four periods into which the history of the United 

States may be divided. 

40. What President served one day longer than his term, and why? 

41. For what purpose did the United Slates purchase Alaska? 

42. In what battle with the Indians were the whites all killed ? — 

In what battle were the whites all killed except one man ? 

43. How many telegraphic cables across the Atlantic ? 

44. What constitutes the "National Debt"? What is the amount 

of the National Debt, at the present time (1881) ? 

45. How many times and when has the Monroe Doctrine been set 

forth ? 

46. What was the Credit Mohilier of America? 

47. What was the Electoral Tribunal ? 

48. What was the Murphy Movement? 

49. When, where, and how was the jjresent North-western bound- 

ary of the United States finally determined? 

50. What position has the President ex-officio? 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 407 

51. In case of the President's death, resignation, removal from 

office, or inability to discharge its duties, who takes his 
place? Who would become President, then, in case of the 
Vice-President's disability ? In case there is no President 
of the Senate who then acts as President? 

52. Give the origin of the name of each of the States. Give the 

popular names of the States. Repeat the motto of each 
State. 

53. What was the Amnesty Proclamation? — The Tenure-of- Office 

Bill .?— The Alabama Difficulty f— The Negro Exodus ? 

54. Who were the Fenians ? 

55. How many Presidents have there been ? 



408 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

COXCLUSIOX. 



The History of the United States has now 
been traced to a time so recent that the events to 
be mentioned have not yet become historical. 

The Civil War, though terrible in its effects, left 
also its good results. The emancipation of the 
slaves has been a benefit to the whole country, and 
removed the chief cause of sectional contention. 
The people of both extremes have become better 
acquainted, and many prejudices have been oblit- 
erated. 

Our Republic is destined to become the most 
prosperous and influential nation on the globe ; our 
agricultural resources are unlimited; our mineral 
supply is inexhaustible; and our manufacturing- 
facilities are unsurpassed. Labor is more highly 
respected and better remunerated than in any other 
country, and the working-class are happier and 
more enlis:htened. American mechanics and man- 
ufacturers have made the United States justly 
famous for her inventions and improvements ; and 
her manufactures now compete with those of Eng- 
land and France in the markets of the world. 

The present financial situation of the United 
States, whether considered with respect to trade, 
currency, credit, growing wealth, or the extent and 
variety of our resources, is more favorable than 
that of any other country of our time, and has 
never been surpassed by that of any country at any 
period of its history. All our industries are thriv- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 409 

ing; new railroads are being constructed; a vast 
immigration is increasing oar population, capital, 
and labor ; new enterprises in great number are 
in progress ; and our commercial relations with 
otlier countries are improving. 

The Public School System of the land is second 
to none, and comparatively very few persons are 
unacquainted with the rudiments of an English ed- 
ucation. 

All forms of religion are tolerated, and any per- 
son can worship as his conscience may dictate. 

The right of Trial by Jury, the Habeas Corpus, 
the Liberty of the Press, the Freedom of Speech, 
the Xatural Rights of Persons, and the Kights of 
Property are maintained and preserved. 

While studying the history of our country, we 
can not restrain feelings of national pride, and of 
gratitude to the God of Xations for his manifold 
blessings. No dark clouds of internal strife or of 
financial depression hover overhead, but the golden 
rays of Peace ard rROSPERiiY are beaming with 
brightening lustre. 



APPENDIX. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 

ADOPTED BY CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776. 



A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF 

THE UNITED STATES OF A iM ERICA, IN 

CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for 
one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected 
them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth 
the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of 
nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- 
kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them 
to the separation. 

"We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created 
equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain in- 
alienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit 
of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted 
among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the 
governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes de- 
structive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or 
abolish it, and to institute anew government, laying its foundation 
on such principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them 
shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Pru- 
dence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should 
not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all 
experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, 
while evils are suSerable, than to right themselves by abolishing 
the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of 

(410) 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 411 

abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces 
a design to reduce them under absohite despotism, it is their 
right, it is their duty, to throw off such a government, and to pro. 
vide new guards for their future security. Such has been the 
patient sufferance of these Colonies, and such is now the necessity 
which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. 
The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of re- 
peated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the 
establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove 
this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and 
pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations, till his 
assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly 
neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the 
right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to 
them and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- 
comfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, 
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his 
measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, 
with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exer- 
cise; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the 
dangers of invasions from without and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; 
for that purpose, obstructing the laws for the naturalization of for- 
eigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration 
hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his 
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure 
of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 



412 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
swarms of officers, to harass our people and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, with- 
out the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and su- 
perior to, the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction 
foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giv- 
ing his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: — 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops upon us; 

For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment for any 
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these 
States ; 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ; 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended of- 
fences ; 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarg- 
ing its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and tit 
instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Col- 
onies ; 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable 
laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments ; 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his 
protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our 
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercen- 
aries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, al- 
ready begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely 
paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the 
head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners 
of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 413 

deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless 
Indian savages, whose known mode of warfare is an undistinguislied 
destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for re- 
dress in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions liave been 
answered by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus 
marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the 
ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. 
We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their 
legislature to extend unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We 
have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and 
settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and 
magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our com- 
mon kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably 
interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have 
been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, 
therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separa- 
tion, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in 
war ; in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme 
Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the 
name and by the authority of the good people of these Colonies, 
solemnly publish and declare that these United Colonies are, and 
of right ought to be, Free and IndependeiU Slates; that they are 
absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all po- 
litical connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, 
and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as Free and Independ- 
ent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, con- 
tract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and 
things which Independent States may of right do. And for the sup- 
port of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of 
Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, 
our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

NEW HAMPSPHRE. 
Josiah Bartlelt, William Whipple, Matthew Tliomton. 

MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 
Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 



414 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

EHODE ISLAND. 

Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Boger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wol- 

coit. 

NEW YOKK. 

William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. 

NEW JERSEY. 

Richard Stockton, John Witheispoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Robert 3Iorris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, 

George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George 

Boss. 

DELAWARE. 

CcEsar Rodney, George Read, Thomas JiPKeatu 

MARYLAND. 

Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of 

Oarrollton. 

VIRGINIA. 

George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin 
Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfool Lee, Carter Braxton. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 
William Hooper, Joseph Heives, John Penn, 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Edward Rutkdge, Thomas Hayward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., 

Arthur Middleton. 

GEORGIA. 

Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton, 



INDEX. 



Abercrombie, Gejieeal 98 

Abolitionists „ 275 

Abraham, Plains of 99 

Acadia 39—10, 88—9:5 

Acadians. exile of the (note)- 93 

Adams, Samuel.- 130 

Adams, John „ 184—232 

Adams, John Quiucy 231, 232 

Administration defined 174 

Admission of the States (re- 
viewed) 402 

Agassiz, Louis __ 404 

Agriculmre (1763) 102 

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of 91 

Alabama settled 227 

Alabama admitted 227 

Alabama, origin of nam.e 227 

Alabama and Kearsarge :133 

Alabama difficulty, the 368 

Alamo, the 2:56 

Alaska purchased 360 

Albany. N. Y.. founded 73 

Albemarle Colony „ 80 

Alert, capture of the 197 

Alexis, Duke, visit of 371 

Algiers, treaty with (note) . 181 

Algiers, war with 208 

Allen, Ethan 121 

Alien and -Sedition Laws 186 

Almanac. Poor Richard's (note)_ 134 

Amelia Island (notei 223 

Amendment, the 13th 358 

Amendment, the 14th.... 362 

-Vmendment, the 15th _ 365 

America, supposed discovery of_ 15 
America, discovered by Colum- 
bus 20 

America, discovered by English.. 32 

American Fabius_ __.132, 1:36 

American Flag _.«, 137 

Ameri(?an Party -. 284 

American Poets 404 

American Sculptors 404 

American Historians 404 

American inventors, painters and 

artists 403 

American journalists _.. 404 

American orators 404 

American humorist« 404 

Americans, Native (note) — 249 



Ames, Fisher. 210 

Amherst, General 97 

Amnesty proclamation 358 

Ancient mounds 12 (note) 13 

Anderson. Major „.293— 296 

Andre. Major „ 151 

Andre, captors of 152 

Audros, Sir Edmund 70, 71—75 

Animals, domestic, introduced 

(note) 26 

Antarctic Continent 247 

Anti-Federalists _.. 1.57 

Auti- Renters, the 249 

Anti-Slavery Party „ 275 

Antietam. battle of 317 

Arctic explorations 282 

Arizona Territory (note)- 159 

Arkansas settled.". 241 

Arkansa.'? admitted 241 

Arkan.<as. origin of name 241 

Armada. Spanish (note) 35 

Armstrong. Major (note) 142 

Army, Burgoyne's 137 

Army of the Potomac 304 

312— 31,5— 317— 324— :530—:332— 339 

Army of Virginia. 314 — 339 

Arnold, Benedict..„121— 125—136— 140 
141—152 

Arnold's treason 150 

Arnold's depredations 1.54 

Art, Americans in 404 

Arthur, T. S 404 

Arthur, Chester A 387 

Articles of Coiifederation_144-156-157 

Asiatic cholera_ 234—373 

.\ssembly, first.rf:olonial .56 

Assistance, writs of (note) 114 

Associate Justices 175 

Astor, John Jacob (note) 288 

Astoria (Oregon) founded „ 288 

Atlanta, capture of 333 

Atlanta burned — 336 

Atlantic, route across the 36 

Atlantic, mystery about the — 19 

Atlantic Cable, telegraphic 359 

Atlantic Cables, number of 360 

Attorney-General, oflBce of_ 174 

Austin. Stephen F „ 236 

.A.zore Islands, the IS (note) 197 



(415) 



416 



INDEX. 



Bacon's Rebellion 57 

Bahama Islands 20 

Baiiil)ridge, Captain l'J8 

Baircl, Professor (note) 250 

Baker, Colonel 304 

Balboa 2;i 

Ball's Bluff, battle of 304 

Baltimore, Lord 78 

Baltimore, battle of 204—205 

Baltimore monument 205 

Bancroft (historian) 404 

Bank, First National 209 

Bank of the United States 209—239 

Bank bill, national 240 

Banks, General 314—316—323—331 

Banner, Star Spangled 137—205 

Baptist Church, first 106 

B irbary pirates 189 

Barclay, Commodore 202 

Barlow, Thomas H 403 

Barlow, Joel 210 

Barre, Colonel 116 

Barron, Commodore (note) 189 

Battlesof Colonial\Vars(reviewed) 104 
Battles of Revolution (reviewed).. 159 
Battles of War of 1812 (reviewed).. 210 
Battles of Mexican War(reviewed) 261 
Battlesof Civil War (reviewed).... 341 

Baum, Colonel 138 

Beaufort, N. C, captured 308 

Beauregard, General 292-300—309 

Bee, General (note) 301 

Behriugs Strait 14 

Bell, John 289 

Bell, Prof. Graham 403 

Belmont, battle of 305 

Bonnet, Jas. Gordon (Journalist).. 404 

Bennington, battle of 138 

Bergen, N. J., settled 76 

Berkeley, Governor 58 

Big Bethel, battle of 300 

Big Black River Bridge, battle of 323 

Biioxi, Miss., settled 229 

Black Hawk War 234 

Black Kettle (chief) 363 

Blair, General F. P 363 

Blanchard, Thomas 403 

Bland Silver Bill, the 383 

Blennerhassett Island (note) 190 

Blockade, the 304 

Blytho, Captain (note) 202 

Bonaparte, Napoleon (note), 

185—188—194 

Bon Homme Richard 148 

Boone, Daniel (note) 183 

Booneville, battle of 306 

Booth, John Wilkes 354 

Boston founded 63 

Boston News Letter 102 

Boston Port Bill 114 

Boston Massacre 114 

Boston Common 114 

Boston Tea Party 115 

Boston, siege of 126 

Boston evacuated 126 

Boston, great fire in 370 

Boundary of U. S. (1783) 155 

Boundary of U. ,S. (1795) 180 

Boundary of U. S. (1842) (note) 260 



Boundary of U. S. (1847) 259 

Boundary of U. S. (1872) 371 

Bowditeh (mathematician) 404 

Bowie, James (note) 237 

Bowling Green, N. Y 129 

Boxer and Enterprise, the 202 

Braddock's Defeat 94 

Bragg, Gen'l ....318-320— 328— 329— 330 

Brandt and Butler 146 

Brandvwine, battle of 138 

Biattlcboro', Vt., settled (note) ... 121 

Breckinridge, John C 285 

(note) 289—374 

Breed's Hill fortified 123 

Broke, Captain 201 

Brown College founded 103 

Brown, General 201—204 

Brown, Charles Brockden (novel- 
ist) 210-404 

Brown, C. F. (humorist) 404 

Brown's raid, John 286 

Bryant, Wm. Culleu 383 

Buccaneers, the (note) 223 

Buchanan, James 285 

Buckner, Generals. B 309 

Buell, General 318 

Buena Vi.sta, Battle of 254 

Bull Run, first battle of 300 

Bull Run, second battle of 316 

Bunker Hill, battle of 12.3—125 

Bunker Hill monument (note) 125 

Burgoyne, John H 1.37—138 

Burgoyne's surrender 140 

Burgoyne's surrender, effects of.. 142 

Burlington, Iowa, settled 250 

Burnside, Gen. (note) 308—319 

Burr, Aaron 187—190 

Burrows, Lieut 202 

Butler and Brandt 146 

Butler, General B. F 300—337 

Cabal, the Conway 143 

Cabinet, President's 175 

Cabinet, Washington's 177 

Cable, Atlantic telegraphic .359 

Cables, number of (note) .360 

(^abot, John and Sebastian 32 

Calhoun, John C 223—231—232—276 

California settled 275 

California admitted 274 

California conquered 253 

California, gold foiuid in 260 

California, origin of name 275 

Calvert, Cecil 78 

Camden, battle of 149 

Campbell, Colonel 1.52 

Canada ceded to England 100 

(Canada invaded by Americans.... 125 

Canby, General 336 — 372 

Canal, the Erie 226 

Canal de Haro 371 

Canary Islands 19—36 

Cape Breton captured 90 

(.'apitol building burned 204 

Cardcn, Captain (note) 197 

Carnifcx Ferry, battle of 306 

(Jariilinas settled 80 

Carolinas separated 80 

Carolinas, origin of name 80 



INDEX. 



417 



Caroline (steamer) 243 

Oarrick's Ford, battle of 30G 

Carroll, Charles (note) 128—2-10 

Cary, Samuel F 378 

Carson (Uty, Nevada, settled 33fi 

Cass, (ieneral Lewis 272 

Castle William Ill 

Carteret Colony 80 

Cartier, James 30 

Catholics 78—79 

Cedar Creek, battle of 334 

Cedar Mountain, battle of 316 

(Census of 1870 365 

Census of 1880 386 

Centennial Exhibition 376—377 

Cerro Gordo, battle of 256 

Chad's Ford, battle of 138 

Chamberlain, Governor 380 

Chambers, B. J 387 

Chambersburg, Va., burned 334 

Champe, Sergeant 154 

Champlain, enterprise of 31 

Champlain, battle on lake 205 

Champion Hill, battle of 323 

Chancellorsville, battle of 324 

Channing, William E 210 

Chantilly, battle of 316 

Chapultepec, battle of 256 

Charles II., of England (note) ...65— 80 

Charleston, S. C, founded 80 

Charleston Convention 290 

Charleston, siege of (1780) 148 

Charleston, attack on 327 

Charleston, fall of (186.5) 328 

Charter defined (note) 54 

Charter government 104 

Charter Oak, the 70 

Chase, (^hief-Justice 374 

Chatham, Lord 95—116 

Chattanooga, battle of 329 

Cherokees, removal of the 235 

Cherry Valley, massacre of 146 

Chesapeake, frigate (note) 194 

Chesapeake, capture of the 201 

Chicago, great fire in 368 

Chickamauga, battle of 328 

Chief-Justice, office of 175 

China, treaty with 363 

Chinese question, the 384 

Chippewa, battle of 204 

Cholera, Asiatic 2.34—373 

Christian C;ommi.ssions .3.57 

(;hry.sler's Field, battlCjOf (note).. 204 

Chu'rubusco, battle of 2.56 

Cincinnati founded 190 

Circuit Court 176 

Circumnavigation of the globe.... 24 

Civil Rights Bill 358 

Civil Service Reform- .380 

Civil War, causes of 290 

Civil War ended 340 

Civil War, cost of the 356 

Civil War, battles (reviewed) 341 

Clarenden, Lord 80 

Clay, Henrv. ...226—228—231—235—251 
—275—278 

Clayborne's Rebellion 79 

Clemens, Samuel (humorist) 404 

Clermont, the 192 



Clinton, George 394 

Clintou,SirHenry...l27— 138— 142— 144 
—151 

Cold Harbor, battle of 333 

Colfax, Schuyler 363 

Coligny, Bisliop (note) 30 

Colleges in America (1763) 103 

Colonial Government 103 

Colonial habits and customs 102 

Colonial Assembly, first 56 

('olonial Wars (reviewed) 104 

Colonization Society, the 225 

Colonization, causes and objects 

of 82 

Colonies, the thirteen English 50 

Colorado settled 374 

Colorado admitted 374 

Colorado, origin of name 374 

Colored troops, the '. 324 

Columbia (.\merica) 22 

Columbia (College founded 103 

Columbia, District of 181 

Columbia River explored 191 

Columbus, Christopher 17—18—19 

—20-21—22 
Columbus. Bartholomew (note)... 18 

C^olumbus, Ky., taken 309 

Commerce (1763) 102 

('ommercial corporations 103 

Commercial men, objects of 17 

(Compass, Mariner's 16 

Compromise, the Missouri 227—274 

Compromise of 1833 235 

Compromise, the Omnibtis 275 

Concord, Mass., battle of 119 

Confederation, Articles of 144 

—156-1.57 

Confederate flag 297 

Confederate invasion of Ky 318 

Confederate States, the 290 

(Confederate privateers 306—333 

Confederates, determination of... 306 

Confederacy, Southern 298 

Congress, first Continental 118 

Congress, second Continental 122 

Congress, representation in. ..158— 174 

Congress, the two Houses of 174 

Congress, when it meets 174 

(Congress, the frigate 311 

Connecticut settled 68 

Connecticut, origin of name 68 

Conspiracy of Burr ]yo 

Conspiracy of Pontiac 100 

Conscription Act, the .326 

Constitution adopted 1.57 

Constitution first written 56 

Constitution (the frigate) 197—198 

Constitutional Unionists 289 

Continent discovered, the 21—32 

(Continental Congress 118 — 122 

Continental money 150 

("ontreras, capture of 256 

Convention, Hartford 206 

(Convention, Charleston 29Q 

Conway (.'abal, the 143 

Cooke and Company, Jay 372 

(Jooper, Peter 378 

Cooper (novelist) 404 

Copley (painter) 404 



418 



INDEX. 



Corinth yielded 310 

Corinth, battle of 319 

Coniwallis, Lord 132— 135-13S— 1-18 

-H9— 152— 153— 155 

Cornwallis, surrender of 154 

Corporation, commercial 103 

Cortez, Fernando 24 — 25 — 26 — 27 

Cotton-Gin invented 182 

Council for New England 60 

Court, the Snpreme 175 

Courts, Inferior 175 

Cowpens, battle of the 152 

Credit Mobilier, the 370 

Creek Indians, the 201 

Crittenden, General 308 

Crockett, Davy 237 

Croghan, Major 200 

Crook, General 376 

Cross Keys, battle of 314 

Crown Point 98—122 

Crvstal Palace, the 282 

Cuba 20—22—276—282 

Cuban Filibusters 276-282 

Cumberland, the ship 311 

Curtis, General 310 

Custer Massacre, the 375 — 376 



Dacres, Captain, 197 

Dade's Massacre 239 

Dakota, territory of (note) 159 

Dale, Sir Thomas 55 

Dallas, battle of 333 

Dalton, battle of 333 

Dana (poet) 404 

Danbury, Conn., burned 136 

Dark and Bloody Ground, the 

(note) 183 

Darien, isthmus of 12 

Dartmouth College founded 103 

Davis, Jefl'erson 239—290—339 

Day, first printer in America, 

(note) 103 

Dean, Silas '134 

Dearborn, General 200 

Debt, the national 356 

Decatur, Commodore 189-197-208 

Declaration of Independence 127 

Declaration of Independence, 

signers of (note) 128 

Declaration of Rights (note) 127 

Delaware, Lord 55 

Delaware settled 76 

Delaware, origin of name 76 

Democrats 180—223—224—229—241 

—250—280—284—285—369—378—387 

Detroit founded 241 

Detroit surrendered 195 

De Avllon 27 

D'Estaing, Count 146 

De Gourges 29 

De Kalb, Baron 139 (note) 150 

De Leon, Ponce 23 

De Monts 31 

De Narvaez 27 

De Russy, fort 331 

De Soto 28 

Dieskau 97 

Diuwiddie, Governor 92 



Discoverers and Explorers (re- 
viewed) 40 

District of Columbia 181 

Domestic animals introduced 

(note) 26 

Dom Pedro II., visit of 377 

Donelson, fort 307—308 

Dorr's Rebellion 24'7 

Douglas, Stephen A. (note). ...283— 289 

Downie, Commodore 205 

Drake, Sir Francis 24 (note) 34 

(note) 35 

Dranesville, battle of 306 

Dred Scott Decision, the 286 

Duke of York 74 

Du Quesne, fort 93—94—95 

Dupont, Admiral 328 

Dustan, Mrs. (note) 87 

Dutch discoveries 37 — 41 

Dutch explorations, extent of 40 

Dutch introduce negro slavery... 56 

Dutch East India Company 38 

Dutch West India Company 73 

Dutch War 74 

Eads, .Tames B 403 

Early's raid. General 3.34 

East India Company, Dutch 38 

East Indies, route to the 17 

Edison, Thomas A 403 

Education (1763) 103 

Edward, fort (note) 97—140 

Edward VI (note) 33 

Edwards, Jonathan 404 

Election, Presidential, time of 

holding (note) 175 

Electors, Presidential 175 

Electoral Tribunal, the 378 

Electric Lamp invented 403 

Eliot, John 64 

Elizabeth, Queen 34 

Emancipation Proclamation. . 317— ^324 

Embargo Act 207 

Emerson (poet) 404 

Emigration westward (1783) 158 

Endicott, John 63 (note) 69 

England, second war with, results 207 

English discoveries 32 

English explorers (reviewed) 41 

English possessions, extent of 40 

English, William H 387 

Enterprise and Boxer 202 

Epidemics, year of 373 

Epizootic distemper 373 

Erickson, Lief 15 

Ericson, Captain John (note) 312 

Erie, battle on lake » 202 

Erie Canal 2'26 

Esquimaux, the 33 — 34 

Espejo (note) 39 

Essex, sloop of war 197 

Eutaw Springs, battle of 154 

Evans, General 304 

Evarts, William H 377 

Everett,jEdward 404 

Executive Power, the 174 

Exhibition, Centennial 376—377 

Exodus, negro 385 

Explorations, Arctic 282 



INDEX. 



419 



Exploring Expedition, Wilkes's.. 247 
Exploring Expedition of Lewis 

and Clarke 191 

Explorations and discoveries (re- 
viewed) 39—10 



Fabics, the American 132—136 

Fabins, the Roman (note) 132 

Fair Oaks, battle of 314 

Fair, the World's 282 

Farragut, Commodore D. G... 810— 335 
—374 

Federal Republic, a 173 

Federal Republic, branches of a.. 174 

Federalist Party, the 157—180 

Fenians, the 359 

Ferdinand and Isabella 19 

Ferguson, Colonel 152 

Field, Cyrus W 359 

Filibusters, Cuban 27&— 282— 373 

Fillmore, Millard 272—274—285 

Financial Affairs (1789) 177 

Financial Panic (1837) 243 

Financial Panic (1857^ (note) 285 

Financial Panic (1873) 372 

Fire arms among Mexicans, effect 

of 25 

Fire in Boston, great 370 

Fire in Chicago, great .368 

Fire in New York 238 

First American newspaper 102 

First Indian War 57 

First college in America 103 

First Continental Congress 118 

First English settlement 60 

First law-making body in Amer- 
ica 56 

First settlement in America 29 

First steamboat in America 192 

First steamboat on western wa- 
ters 192 

First steamer to cross Atlantic 

(note) 192 

First steam locomotive in Amer- 
ica 232 

First national bank in America.... 209 

First telegraph 248 

First written constitution in 

America 56 

First shot in Civil War (note) 290 

Fisher, fort, taken 336 

Fisher's Hill, battle of .3.34 

Fitch, ,Iohn (note) 192 

Flag, the National 137 

Flag, the Confederate 297 

Flags, the rival 297 

Floridfi^^i'overed 23 

Florida^^tled 29 

Florida, origin of name" 23 

Florida ceded to England 99 

Florida ceded back to Spain 1.55 

Florida ceded to United States 226 

Florida admitted 250 

Foote, Commodore A. H..308(note) 309 

Foreign Relations (1796) 180 

Forrest's raid 331 

Fort Stanwix v 140 

Fort Edward 97—140 



Fort Moultrie, British repulsed at 127 

Fort Loudon, Tenn., settled 183 

Fort Orange .settled 73 

Fort Necessity taken 93 

Fort Sumter 293—294—295 

Fort Meigs, siege of 20(V 

Fort George, battle of 20(V 

Fort Stephenson, attack on 200 

Fort Mimms, massacre at 201 

Fort McHenry, bombardment of.. 205 

Fort Snelling settled 288. 

Fort Astoria settled 288 

Fort Monroe 299' 

Fort Henry 307—308 

FortDonelson 307—308. 

Fort McAllister taken 336 

Fort Macon (note) 308 

Fort Pillow (note) 309—310—3.32- 

Fort Fisher taken 336 

Fort Morgan taken 335 

Fort Gaines taken 335 

Fort Ticonderoga 94—98—121—138 

Fort Stevens, attack on 334 

Fort Pickens 294 

Fort Maiden 199—200 

FortDe Russy 331 

Fort Wagner captured 328 

France, difficulties with 185—361 

France, Americans seek aid of.... 135 

Franklin, Benj....(note) 113 (note) 122 

(note) 1.34 

Franklin, Sir John 282 

Frazer, General (note) 142 

Frazier's Farm, battle of 315 

Fredericksburg, battle of 319 

Frederic II. of Prussia (note) 132 

Free Schools (1763) 103 

Free-Soil Party 272—281—284 

Free Trade and Sailors' Rights.... 207 

Free-Masonry introduced 232 

Freedmen's Bureau Bill .3,58 

Fremont, John C. (note).253— 285— 314 

French in America 30 — 85 

French colony, first SO 

French explorers (reviewed) 41 

French po.ssessions, extent of 3i> 

French Revolution 180 

French and Indian War 91—100 

French and Indian War, results of 10(> 

French fleet, the 144—146 

Frenchtown, battle of 198 

Freneau, Philip 209—240 

Friends, or Quakers 64 — 76 

Frobisher. Martin 33 

Frolic, brig 197 

Fugitive Slave Law 275 

Fulton, Robert 192 

Gadsden Purchase, the 281 

Gage, General 114—116—118—1.30 

Gaines, Fort, taken 335 

Gaines's Mill, battle 315 

Garfield, James A....307— .387— 388— 389 
Garfield, attempted assa-^sination 

of .389 

Gaspee affair, the (note) 11!> 

Gates, General 141—149 

Genet, Mr. (note) 179 

George, Fort 200 



420 



INDEX. 



George, battle of lake 97 

Georgia settled . 81 

Georgia, kind of settlers (note).... 81 

Georgia, origin of the name 81 

George III., King 81-122—129 

Germantown, battle of 139 

Gerry, Elbridge.* 391 

Gettysburg, battle of 32.5 

Ghent, treaty of 200 

Gibbs, General 207 

Gibraltar of America 90 

Gila River, the 281 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 34 

Gillmore, General 328 

Goffe, the regicide (note) 65 

Gold discovered in (California 260 

Goldsborough, Commodore (note) 308 

Gonzales, battle of 236 

Good Hope, cape, discovered (note) 17 

Goodyear, Charles 403 

Gorges settled Maine 67 

Gosnold's voyage 36 

Government, Colonial 103 

Government, Royal 104 

Government, Charter 104 

Government, Proprietary 103 

Government, Commercial 103 

Government of United States 173 

Government of United States or- 
ganized 157 

Government of District of Colum- 
bia 182 

GovernmentSeats of United States 181 
Government of the Territories . ... 159 
Grains, edible, introduced (note) 35 

Grand model, Locke's 80 

Grand Gulf evacuated 323 

Grant, General 308—309—310—319 

—320—321—322—323^329—331—332 
—339—363—369—384 

Great Eastern, the 359 

Great Meadows, battle of 93 

Greeley, Horace 369 

Green "Mountain Boys 121 

Greenback Party, the 387 

Greenbacks first issued 322 

Green Bay, Wis., settled 260 

Greenongh (sculptor) 404 

Grenville, Sir Richard (note) 34 

Grijalvah 34 

Grinnell, Henry 282 

Grouad, Dark and Bloody, the, 

(note) 183 

Guanahani, discovery of 20 

Guatimozin 26 

Guerriere, frigate 197 

CJuiteau, Charles J 389 

H.\iNES's Bluff, battle of 321 

Hale, Captain Nathan 132 

Hale, John P 281 

Hale, Sir Matthew (note) 66 

Halleck (historian) 404 

Halleck, General 316 

Hamilton, Alexander.....l57— 177— 190 

Hamilton-Burr duel 190 

Hamlin, Hannibal 289 

Hampden-Sidney college 103 

Hampton, General Wade 380 



Hancock, John (note) 128—130 

Hancock, General W. S 313—387 

Hanover Court House 315 

Harmar, General 178 

Harper's Ferry seized 297—317 

Harrison, General. ..194— 200— 203— 241 
—244 

Harrison's Victory 203 

Harrison's Landing 315 

Harrodsburg, Ky., settled 183 

Hart (sculptor) 404 

Hartford Convention 206 

Hartford founded 68 

Harvard College founded 103 

Harvesting machine invented 403 

Hatteras Inlet 305—308 

Hawkins, trader (note) 35 

Hawthorne (novelist) 404 

Hayes, Rutherford B 378—379—385 

Hazen, General 320 

Headley (historian) 404 

Helena, Arkansas, settled 241 

Hendricks, Thomas A 378 

Henrietta, Maria 78 

Henry, Patrick 116—117 

Henry, Professor Joseph (note) ... 259 

Henry, capture of fort 308 

Henry, William, fort, massacre of 97 

Henry VII. of England (note) ...18—32 

—(note)— 33 

Hessians, the 127—133—138 

Hickman, Kentucky, occupied.... 331 

Hieroglyphics, Mexican 25 

Hildreth (historian) 404 

Hill, General 315 

Historians (American) 404 

Historical Society, Mass. (note).... 128 

Hobson, General 327 

Hollv Springs seized .320 

Holines, O. W 404 

Hood, General 334—338 

Hook, Paulus, capture of 147 

Hooker, General 324—325—329 

Hopkins, Stephen (note) 128 

Hornet, capture of the 199 

Horse Shoe Bend, battle of 201 

Horses introduced into America 

(note) 26 

Hosmer, Harriet (sculptor) 404 

House of Representatives 174 

Houston, General Sam 2.37 

Howard, General 382 

Howe, General 124—126—130—135 

—137 

Howe, Elias 247 

Howe, Admiral 130 

Hudson, Henry 37—38 

Hudson River and Bay discov- 
ered 38 

Huguenots, the 28—29 (note) 30 

(note) 80 
Hull's surrender. General Wm.... 195 

Hull, Captain Isaac 197 

Humorists, American 404 

Hutchinson, Mrs. Ann 63 

Iceland IS 

Idaho Territory 159 

Idaho, Indian War with 381 



INDEX. 



421 



Illinois settled 227 

Illinois admitted 227 

Illinois, origin of name 227 

Immigration (1763) 101 

Immigration (1815-1848) 225 

Immigration (1880) 38G 

Impeachment Trial, the 3()1 

Impressment of seamen 194 

Inauguration, Presidential (note) 378 

Independence, Declaration of 127 

Independence in Nortli Carolina 

(note) 129 

Independence recognized by for- 
eign powers (note) 143 

Independent Greenbacli Party 387 

Indiana settled 209 

Indiana admitted 209 

Indiana, origin of name 209 

Indians, whence they came 13 

Indians, occupations of the , 15 

Indians, character of the 15 

Indians, government of the 15 

Indian, origin of the name 20 

Indian boys, how trained 15 

Indians of Northwest Territory... 178 

Indian weapons used 15 

Indians, the ('reek 201 

Indians in Revolution 127 

Indians, the Cherokee 235 

Indians, the Seminole 226—238 

Indians, the Peqnod 69 

Indians, the Ute 385 

Indians, the Sioux 322—363 

Indians, the Nez Perces 381 

Indians, kidnajipers of the 27 

Indian War, first (1022) 57 

Indian War, second (1044) 57 

Indian War, Peqnod 69 

Indian War, Philip's 65 

Indian War, French and Indian... 91 
—100 

Indian War (176.3), Pontiac's 100 

Indian War (1791) 178 

Indian WardSin I'.H 

Indian War (1837) 238 

Indian War (1802) 322 

Indian War (1868) 363 

Indian War (1872) 372 

Indian War (1876) 375 

Indian War(l!^~) ^'iSl 

Indian War (1879) 385 

Indian Territory 235 

Indian Policy 191 

India Company, Kast 38 

India C-ompany, West 73 

India Rubber, vulcanized 403 

Indies, route to the East 17 

Ingraham, Captain (note) 281 

Institution, Smithsonian 257 

Inter-Colonial Wars 85—88—90—91 

Interior, office of Secretary of the 174 

International exchange (note) 259 

Intolerance, religious 63 — 79 

Inventions and Inventors, Amer- 
ican 403 

Iowa settled 250 

Iowa admitted 2.50 

Iowa, origin of name 250 



Irving, Washington 404 

Isabella and Ferdinand 19 

Island No. 10 309 

Isthmus of Panama or Darien...l2— 23 

Isthmus of Sticz 17—25 

luka, battle of 319 



Jack, Captain 

Jackson, Andrew 201—207—226- 

—233—235- 

Jackson "Stonewall " 301—314- 

-315—310- 

Jackson, battle at 

James I. of England 

James II. of England 74- 

Jamestown, settlement of 

Jamestown, government of 

Jamestown settlers, character of.. 

Jamestown, immigration at 

Jamestown, second charter of 

Jamestown, third charter of 

Jamestown, first assembly at 

Jamestown wives for settlers 

Jamestown at present (note) 

Jameson, Colonel 

Japan, treaty with 283- 

Jaiianese visitors 

Jasper, Sergeant 127- 

Java, frigate 

Jay, John 157- 

Jefferson, Thomas (note) 128- 

—158—177—184—187—188- 

Jefferson, author of the Declara- 
tion (note) 

Jersey Prison Ship (note) 

Jersey, settlement of 

Jesuit Missionaries 3: 

Jesus, Society of 

Jetties, the Mississippi 

Johnson, Colonel R. M 203- 

Johnson, Sir William (note) 

Johnson, Andrew...338— 355— 359- 

Johnson, impeachment trial of .. 
Johnston, General J. E...300— 314- 

Johnston, General A. S...307— 309- 

Joint High Commission 

Jones, (Japtain 

Jones, Paul 

Joseph (chief) 

Joy, John (note) 

Journalists, American 

Judicial Power, the 

Justice, office of Chief 

Justices, Associate 



372 

-232 

-239 

-325 

-317 

323 

51 

-85- 

50 

52: 

51 

5,3. 

54 

55 

56 

56 

50 

151 

-287 

287 

-147 

198 

-ISO 

-157 

-232 

128 

131 

76. 

;— 92 

32 

403 

-242 

99 

-361 

-374 

361 

-330 

-334 

-310 

361 

197 

148 

.382 

118 

404 

175 

175 

175 



Kalakaua's, King, visit 374 

Kane, Eli.sha Kent 282 

Kansas settled 288 

Kansas admitted 288 

Kansas, origin of name 288 

Kansas, civil war in 284 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill 283 

Kaskaskia, 111., .settled 227 

Kearney, General Stephen 254 

Kearsargi; and Alabama 333 

Kellogg, William P 373 

Kenesaw Mountain, battle of 333 



422 



INDEX. 



Kentucky settled 183 

Kentucky admitted 183 

Kentucky, origin of name 183 

Key, Francis S 205 

Kidd, Robert, Captain 75 

Kilpatrick, Colonel (note) 325 

King Philip's War Go 

King William's War 85 

King George's War 90 

King's Mountain, battle of 152 

King, William R 281—394 

Know-Notliing Party, the 284 

Knox, General 177 

Knoxville, Tenn., settled 184 

Knoxville, Tenn., battle of (note) 330 

Kosciusko, Thaddeus (note) 139 

Kossuth, Louis 277 

Koszta, Martin (note) 281 

Labrador Discovered 32 

La Fayette, Marquis de 139—226 

La Insurgcnte, ship (note) 186 

La Salle, explorations of 31—92 

La Vengeance, frigate (note) 186 

Lake George, battle of 97 

Lake Erie, battle on 202 

Lake Champlain, battle on 205 

Laudouniere 30 

Lawrence, Captain James 199 — 201 

Lee, Arthur 135 

Lee, General Charles 145 

Lee, Major 148 

Lee, " Light Horse Harry" 148 

Lee, Richard Henry (note) 127 

Lee, General R. E...314— 315— 316— 317 
319—325—332—333—334—339—340 

Lee's Invasion of Maryland 317 

Legislative power, the 174 

Leisler, Captain 75 

Leopard, the ship (note) 194 

Lewis and Clark's expedition 191 

Lexington, Ky., settled 183 

Lexington, battle of 119 

Liberia colonized 226 

Liberty, Sons of (note) 115 

Lightning-rod invented (note) 113 

Lincoln, General 146 — 148 

Lincoln, Abraham 239—288—289 

290—293—296—304—338—354 

Lincoln, efi'ect of liis election 290 

Lincoln re-elected 338 

Lincoln assassinated 354 

Literature, Americans in 404 

Little Belt, the sloop 195 

Little Turtle (chief) (note) 178 

Locke, laws of 80 

Locke, D. R. (humorist) 404 

London Clompany, the 51—54 

Longfellow, Henry W. (poet) 404 

Long Island, battle of 130 

Long Island, effect of the battle.. 133 

Longstreet, General .315— .328 

Lookout Mountain, battle of 329 

Loom, po.Mtive motion invented. 403 

Lopez, filibuster 277 

Lossing (Iijstorian) 404 

Lost ^^ountain, battle of 333 

Loudon (Tenn.) Fort, settled 184 

Louis XIV. of France 32 



Louisiana, Territory of 188 

Louisiana purchased 188 

Louisiana, extent of 189 — 209 

Louisiana settled 209 

Louisiana admitted 209 

Louisiana, origin of name .32—209 

Louisiana, troubles in 373—380 

Louisville, Ky., founded 183 

Lowell (poet) 404 

Lundy's Lane, battle of 204 

Lyall, James 403 

Lyman, General 97 

Lyon, General 305 

Macedonian, frigate 197 

Mackinaw, fort, taken 100—196 

Macon, fort, taken 308 

Madison, James 157—193—198—241 

Madison re-elected 198 

Madoc (note) 16 

Magellan, vovage of 24 

Magnetic Telegraph 248—3.59 

Maine seitled 67—227 

Maine admitted 227 

Maine, part of Massachusetts 67 

Maine, origin of name 227 

Maiden, fort 199—200 

Malvern Hill, battle of 315 

Manassas Junction, battle of 300 

Manhattan discovered 38 

Manhattan purchased 73 

Manhattan settled 73 

Manhattan taken by English 74 

Mode of Life (1763) 102 

Manufactures (1763) 102 

Marcv, William L. (note) 281 

Marietta, Ohio, settled 190 

Mariner's Compass 16 

Marion, General Francis 149 

Marquette, explorations of 31 — 92 

Marshall, John 210—241 

Marshall, Colonel Humphrey 307 

Maryland settled 78 

Maryland, origin of name 78 

Maryland, religious trouble in 79 

Mason, Captain John 69 

Mason, J. M 305 

Mason and Dixon's Line 79 

Mason and Gorges 67 

Masonry, Free, introduced 232 

Massasoit, treaty with 62 

Massachusetts Bay Colony 63 

Massachusetts, towns of 63 

Massachusetts, royal charter of 63 

Massachusetts, religious intoler- 
ance in 63 

Massachusetts joins the New Eng- 
land Union 69 

Massacre at Fort William Henry.. 97 

Massacre, the Boston 114 

Massacre, the Wyoming 145 

Massacre at (;herry Valley 146 

Massacre at Schenectady 86 

Massacre at Fort Mimms 201 

Massacre at the Raisin 199 

Massacre at Mier 2.38 

Massacre of Dade's men 239 

Massacre of Custer's men 375 

Mather, Cotton (note) 66 



INDEX. 



423 



Mathematicians (American) 404 

Maximilian shot, 3fil 

May, Captain 252 

Mayflower, the (iO 

McAllister, fort, talien 336 

McClellan, General 303—304—312 

—314—315—317-319-338 

MeClernand', General (note) 322 

McCrea, Miss 140 

Mc(.'ormick, Cyrus H 403 

MeCullough, General 305—310 

McDonough, Commodore 205 

McDonough's victory 205 

McDowell, General 300—301—314 

McEnery, John 373 

IVIcIIenry, fort 205 

Mcintosh 310 

ISIcade, General 325—359—374 

Meadows, battle of Great 93 

Mechaniesville, battle of 315 

Meigs, Colonel (note), 136 

Meigs, siege of fort 200 

Meeker, Mr. (Indian agent) 385 

Melendez, enterprise of 28 

]\Ielendez and the Huguenots 29 

Merrimac and Monitor 311 

Merrimac (Virginia) blown up..,.. 313 
Methodist Church, first in Amer- 
ica 81 

Mexico discovered 24 

Mexico and Cortez 24 

Mexico and France 361 

Mexico, capture of ('ity of 256 

Mexican Independence 236 

]Mexican War, causes 251 

Mexican War, results 257 

Mexican War, battles (reviewed). 257 
Mexicans, ancient traditions of 

the (note) 25 

Mexico, treaty with 257 

Michigan settled 241 

Michigan admitted 241 

Michigan, origin of name 241 

Mier, prisoners of 238 

Miles, Colonel 382 

Miller, Colonel (note) 204 

Mill Spring, battle of 307 

Mimms, massacre at fort 201 

Minnesota settled 288 

Minnesota admitted 287 

Minnesota, origin of name 288 

Minute Men 118—119 

Missionaries, Jesuit 32—92 

Missionary Ridge, battle of 329 

Mississippi River discovered 28 

Mississippi Valley, the 92 

Mississippi, free navigation of 

(note) 80 

Mississippi settled 227 

Mississippi admitted 226 

Missis.sipi)i, origin of name 227 

Mississipiji Territory 226 

Missouri River discovered 31 

Missouri settled 227 

Missouri admitted 227 

Missouri, origin of name 227 

Missouri Compromise 227 

Mobile founded 227 

Mobile Bay entered by Unionists 335 



Modoc War, the 372 

Mohawk Valley ravaged 145 

Molino del Rev, battle of 256 

Monckton, Colonel (note) 93 

Money, Continental 150 

Money, equivalents (note) 56 

Money matters (1833) 239 

Money Order System, postal 337 

Monitor, the iron-clad (note) 312 

Monmouth, battle of 144 

Monocacy, (battle at) 334 

Monro, (Colonel 97 

Monroe, James 223—240 

Monroe Doctrine 226 

Monroe, Fortress 299 

Montana Territory 1,59 

Montcalm, General 97—99 

Mdiiterey, capture of 253 

Minitozuma and his fate 24 

Montgomery, General 125 

Montreal founded 85 

Montreal captured 125 

Morgan, Gen'l Daniel (note)..142— 153 

Morgan, raid of John 327 

Morgan, William 232 

Morgan, fort taken 3.35 

Mormons, the 247—286 

Mormon High Priest, present, 

(note) 286 

Morris, Robert 150 

Morristown, winter at 136 

Morse, Prof. S. F. B 248—374 

Mother Country, the term (note).. 112 

Motley (historian) 404 

Mottoes of the States 401 

Moultrie, repulse at fort 127 

Mound Builders 12 (note) 13 

Mount Vernon 155 — 176 

Mtnnfordsville, Ky., battle of 318 

Murfreesboro, battles of 320 

Murphy, Francis 382 

Murphy Temperance ^Movement.. 382 
Mutiny Act, the 114 



Names of the States, origin of, 
(reviewed) 

Napoleon Bonaparte 185 (note) 



Napoleon III 

Narvaez, expedition of 

Nashville, Tenn., founded 

Nashville, battle of 

National Bank Bill, the 

National Bank, First 

National Debt, the 

Naturalists, American 

Naval Battles of Revolution 

Naval Battles of War of 1812 

Naval Battles of Civil War 

Navigation Act, the (note) 

Navy Island ., 

Navy of the United States (note). 

Navy-yard at Norfolk burned 

Nayy, office of Secretary of the... 

Navy, the Union 

Navy, the Confederate 

Nebraska settled 

Nebraska admitted 

Nebraska, origin of name 



398 
188 
■194 
361 
27 
184 
338 
246 
209 
356 
404 
159 
210 
341 
114 
243 
197 
313 
174 
304 
305 
360 
360 
360 



424 



INDEX. 



Necessity, Fort 93 

Negro slavery introduced 56 

Negro slaves, emancipation of.... 317 
—324 

Negro slave trade abolished 192 

Negro exodus 385 

Negro troops 324 

Neutrality, armed 297 

Nevada settled 3,36 

Nevada admitted 336 

Nevada, origin of name .336 

New Amsterdam 73 

New Brunswick 40—88 

New England .settled 60 

New England, origin of name 

(note) 55 

New England Union, the 69 

New France 30 — 10 

New Hampshire settled '67 

New Hampshire, origin of name. 67 

New Haven Colony, the 68 

New Jersey settled 76 

New Jersey, origin of name 76 

New Jersey evacuated 13" 

New Mexico settled (note) 39 

New Mexico conquered 2.54 

New Netherland ,39 

New Orleans founded 209 

New Orleans, battle of 200 

New Orleans, fall of 310 

New Spain 39 — 42 

New Sweden 79 

New York settled 7.3 

New York, origin of name 7.? 

New York under the Dutch 73 

New York under the English 74 

New York, great fire in .-.. 238 

Newbern, N. €., taken (note) 308 

Newfoundland 30 

Newport, Christopher 51—54 

Newport, R. I., founded 71 

Newspaper, first in America 102 

New Style of (Jhronology (note)... 92 

Nez Perces Indian War .381 

Niagara captured 98 

Niagara,' frigate 203 

Nicholls, Governor of Louisiana.. 380 
Nichols, Governor of New York... 74 

Nina, the ship 19 

Norfolk abandoned (note) 311—313 

Nortliem Pacific Railroad (note).. 373 

North Carolina settled 80 

Nortli Carolina, origin of name... 80 

Northmen, the 15 

Northwestern boundary settled... 371 
Northwest passage attempted. ..33— 37 

>T , —282 

Northwest Territory, the 1.58 

North westJTerritory, Indians of... 178' 

Nova Scotia 40—88—93 

Novelists, American 404 

Nulliflers of S. C 234 

Oak, Charter, the 70 

Oceola (chief) 2:W 

Ogelthorpe, General 81 

O'Hara, <ieneral (note) 155 

Ohio settled 190 

Ohio admitted 190 



Ohio, origin of name 190 

Old style chronology (note) 92 

Omnibus Bill, the 275 

Opechancanough (chief) 57 

Orators (American) 404 

Oregon settled 288 

Oregon admitted 287 

Oregon, origin of name 288 

Original States 129 

Ottawa, chief of the 100 

Ouray (chief) 386 

Outfit of Columbus 19 

Pacific Ocean Discovered 23 

Pacific, origin of name 24 

Pacific Railroad, Union .365 

Pacific Railroad, Northern 373 

Packard, Governor .380 

Paducah, Ky., battle at .3.31 

Paine's "Common Sense" (note).. 112 

Painters (American) 404 

Pakenham, General 207 

Palo Alto, battle of 252 

Palos, the port of 19 

Panama, Isthmus of 12—23 

Panic of 18.37, financial 243 

Panic of 1857, financial (note) 285 

Panic of 1873, financial 372 

Pardons spurned.. 130 

Paris, treaty of (1763) 99 

Paris, treaty of (1783) 1,55 

Parker, Admiral 127 

Party strife 231 

Partisan patriots 148 

Patriot War, the 242 

Patroons, the (note) 73—249 

Paulding, John 1,52 

Paul Jones's exploit 148 

Paulus Hook captured 147 

Peacock, capture of the 199 

Peake, Captain 109 

Peale (painter) 404 

Pea Ridge, battle of 310 

Pemberton, General .32ff 

Penn, William 76 

Penn.sylvania settled 76' 

Pennsylvania, origin of name 7(> 

Pennsylvania Gazette, the (note).. 134 

Pequods, the 69 

Perry, Oliver H. (note) 202 

Perry's Victory 202 

Perryville, battle of 31R 

Petersburg, fall of .338 

Petersburg, mine explosion at 

(note) 339 

Philadelphia settled 77 

Philip II. of Spain 2& 

Philippi, battle of 30& 

Philip's War, King 65 

Philosophical Society, American 

(note) 135 

Phipps, Sir William 86 

Phonograph invented, the 403 

Pickens, fort 294 

Picture-writing, Indian 25 

Pierce, FrankUu 280—281 

Pike, General 199—310 

Pilgrim Fathers, the 60-61 

Pillow, fort (note) 309—310—332 



INDEX. 



425 



Pinckney, Charles C. (note). ..186— 187 

Pinta, the ship 19 

Pirates 75— (note) 180— 189 

Pitcairn, Major 119 

Pitcher, Molly (note) 145 

Pitt, William (note) 95—116 

Pittsburg, site of 95 

Pittsburg Landing, battle of 309 

Plains of Abraham 99 

Planetarium invented 40;i 

Plattsburg, battle of 206 

Pleasant Hill, battle of 331 

Plots against Washington 143 

Plow, cast-iron, invented 403 

Plymouth Company 51—60 

Plymouth settled 60 

Plj-mouth Rock 61 

Plpnouth Colony, progress of 62 

Pocahontas 52—53—57 

Poe, E. A. (poet) 404 

Poets (American) 404 

Politics (1789) 157 

Politics (1820) 224 

Polk, James K 250 

Ponce de Leon 23 

Pontiac's War 100 

Pope, General (note) 309—316—317 

Popular names of the States 400 

Population of United States in 

1880 386 

Porter, Admiral 337 

Porter, Captain 197 

Port Bill, Boston 114 

Port Hudson, surrender of 323 

Port Republic, battle of 314 

Port Roval founded 31 

Port Royal captured 86—90 

Port Royal Harbor .305 

Portsmouth. N. H., settled 07 

Postal Monev Order System .337 

Post offices, first line of (note) 122 

Postmaste* -i-ieneral, office of 174 

Potato found in America, the 35 

Potomac, Army of the... 304—312—315 
—317- ;r24— 330— 332— 339 

Powers (sculptor) 404 

Powhattan (chief) 52—57 

Prentice, George D. (journalist)... 404 

Prentiss (orator) 404 

Prescott, Colonel 123 

Prescott (historian) 404 

President, frigate 195 

Presidential elections, time of 

(note) 175 

Presidential electors 175 

Presidential inaugurations (note) 378 

Presidential veto, the (note) "2.39 

Presidents, how elected 175 

President's salary, the (note) 175 

Presidents, facts concerning the.. .393 

Prevost, General 205 

Price, General 305—319 

Prideaux, General (note) 98 

Prima Vista (note) 32 

Princeton College founded 103 

Princeton, battle of 13.') 

Pring, Martin 37 

Printing Press in Americji, first, 

(note) 103 



Prison-ships, the Jersey (note) 131 

Privateers, American (1812) 198 

Privateers, Coiiiederate 306—333 

Proclamation, Lincoln's 317—358 

Proctor, General 199— 200— '203 

Proprietary government 103 

Protective"Tarift"(note)...178— 229— 231 

Providence, R. I., settled 63 

Pulaski, Count 139—147 

Puritan Intolerance 63 

Puritan laws 64 — 65 

Puritans, character of the. ..60 — 61 — 62 

Putnam, General Israel (note) 123 

Putnam, Rufus 190 

Quakers Settle Pennsylvania.. 76 

Quakers in New Jersey 76 

Quakers, persectition of 64 

Quakers, character of the 64 

Quebec founded 31 

Quebec taken by Wolfe 99 

Queen Anne's war 88 

Queen Elizabeth 34 

Queenstown Heights, battle of.... 196 



Rahl, Colonel 

Railroad, the first in America 

Railroad, the Union Pacific 

Railroad, Memphis and Chatta- 
nooga, taken 307- 

Railroad, the Northern Pacific, 
(note) 

Railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio 

Railroad Riots 

Railroad Passenger car invented. 

Raisin, battle at the 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 34— 3.5— (note) 

Randolph, Edmund 

Randolph, John 

Randolph, Peyton (note) 

Raymond, battle of 

Rei)ellion, Bacon's 

Rebellion, Clayborne's 

Rebellion, Dorr's 

Rebellion, Shays's 

Rebellion, the Great 

Rebellion, the Whisky 

Reconciliation attempted (1776)... 

Re<-(instruction Policy 361- 

Rcd Men of the Forest 

Reed, General Joseph 

Religions (1763) 

Religious In tolerance 63- 

Representatives. House of , 

Representation in Congress. ..158- 

Republic, a Federal 

Republic, each State a 

Republican Party, the old , 

Republican Party, the new ...284- 

Repnblican Lilieral, the 

Resaca de la Palma, battle of 

Restrictions on Colonial Indus 
tries 

Revolutionary War, causes 

Revolutionary War, end of 

Revolutionary War, battles of (re^ 
vi'^wed) 

Rhode Island settled 

Rhode Island, origin of name 



133 
232 
365 

■310 

373 
232 
381 
403 
198 
36 
177 
240 
118 



79 
247 
156 
290 
179 
144 
■362 

15 
144 
101 
i— 79 
174 
■174 
173 
173 
157 
■288 
309 
252 

114 

112 
155 

159 
71 
71 



426 



INDEX. 



Khode Island obtains a charter... 72 

Hiall, General 204 

Ribault 30 

Eich Mountain, battle of 306 

Richmond, fall of 338 

Hifhmond, Ky., battle at 318 

Rio Grande, southwest boundary 

of United States 257 

Rittenhouse (mathematician) 404 

Roanoke Colony 34 

Roberval 30 

Robinson, Rev. John (note) 61 

Rolfe, John 53 

Rosaria, Straits of 371 

Rosecrans, General 319—320—328 

Ross, General 204 

Rotation in office introduced..233— 380 

Routes across the Atlantic 36 

Royal Government 104 

Rubber, vulcanized, invented 403 

Ruffin, Edmund (note) 295 

Rush, Benjamin (note) 179 

Russian America purchased 360 

Rutger's College founded 103 

Rutlodge, Edward (note) 118 

Ryswick, treaty of 86 

Sabine Cross Roads, battle of... 331 

Saekett's Harbor, battle of 200 

Saco, Maine, settled 227 

Salt Lake City, Utah 247 

Samoset (chief) 62 

San Antonio, Texas, settled 250 

San Diego, Cal., settled 275 

San Domingo 21—368 

San Francisco, Cal., founded 260 

San Jacinto, battle of 237 

San Juan de Ulloa, battle of 255 

San Juan de Fuca, straits of 371 

Sanitary Commission 357 

Santa Anna 236—237—255—256 

Santa Fe founded (note) 39 

Santa Maria, the ship 19 

San Salvador discovered 20 

Saratoga, battles of 141 

Savage Station, battle of 315 

Savannah founded 81 

Savannah (steamer) (note) 192 

Savannah captured by British 146 

Savannah taken by Unionists 336 

Saybrook colony 08 

Schenectady, massacre at SO 

Schuyler, General 140 

Scott, General..204— 234— 255— 280— 301 

Sculptors (American) 404 

Sea King, a 16 

Secession 290—296 

Seceded States, the 298 

Seceded States re-admitted 362 

Second Continental Congress 122 

Second War with England 194—207 

Secretary, offices of 174 

Sectional books, effect of (note)... 291 

Sedition and Alien Laws 186 

Seminoles, the 226—2:38 

Semmes, Captain Raphael 333 

Senate, the United States 174 

Serapis captured, the 148 

Seven Days' Battles, the 315 



Seven Pines, battle of 314 

Sewhrd, William H 354—374 

Sewing machine invented 247 

Seymour, Horatio 363 

Shannon, capture of the 201 

Shaw, H. W 404 

Shay's Rebellion 156 

Shenandoah Valley, the 314 

Sheridan, General Phil 334—335 

Sherman, Roger (note) 118 

Sherman, General W. T..320— 321— 322 
—330—333—334—336—338—363 

Shillaber, P. B 404 

Shiloh, battle of 309 

Siblev, General 322 

Silver Bill, the Bland :%3 

Sioux War (1862) 322 

Sioux War (1868) 363 

Sioux Massacre, the 375 

Sine-pendulum invented 403 

Sitting Bull (chief) 376 

Shivery introduced 56 

Slave trade abolished 192 

Slaves in United States emanci- 
pated 317—324 

Slave Law, Fugitive 275 

Slavery question, the 178 

Slemmer, Lieutenant 294 

Slidell, J 305 

Sloughter, Governor 75 

Small-Pox 373 

Smith, Captain John 52— 53— .54— 55 

Smith, General Kirby .301—318 

Smith, General P. F 266 

Smith, Joseph 248 

Smithson, James 257 

Smithsonian Institution, the 257 

Snelling, fort, settled 288 

Society, Colonization, the 225 

Sons of Liberty (note) 115 

South America discovered 21 

South Caniliua settled 80 

South Ciinilina, origin of name... 80 

South Carolina, troubles in 380 

South Cardlina, nulliflers of 234 

Sontli Mountain, battle of 317 

Southern Confederacy, the 298 

Southwest passage discovered 24 

South-West Territory 158—184 

Spain, trouble with 373 

Spain, treaty with (1819) 226 

Spanish explorations (reviewed).. 39 

Spanish possessions, extent of .39 

Sparks (historian) 404 

Speculations in money 240 

Speedwell, the ship (note) 61 

Spottsylvania, battle of 332 

Squatter Sovereignty 284 

Stamp Act, the 13 

Stamp Act, the repealed (note).... 13 

Standish, Miles 62 

Stanton, Edwin M 362—374 

Stanwix, fort 140 

Star of the West, steamer 293 

Star Spangled Banner 137—205—297 

Stars and Bars the 297 

Stark, General John 138 

Stark, Mollie 138 

Starving time in Virginia 54 



INDEX. 



427 



state, each a Republic 173 

State, office of Secretary of 174 

State Rights 194 

States, admission of the, 

(reviewed) 402 

States, mottoes of the 401 

States, the Original 13 129 

States, origin of names of, 

(reviewed) 398 

States, United, location of 11 

States, the seceded 298 

States seceded, re-admitted 362 

States, popular names of the 400 

St. Augustine settled 29 

St. Clair, General Arthur 178 

St. Genevieve, Mo., settled 227 

St. Lawrence discovered 30 

St. Johns, Canada, captured 125 

St. Louis founded 227 

St. Mary's, Mich., settled 241 

St. Paul, Minn., founded 288 

St. Pierre 92 

St. Vincent, Colonel 200 

Steamboat,first on western waters 192 

Steamboats invented 192 

Stephens, Alexander H .284—290 

Stephenson, defense of fort..! 200 

Steuben, Baron (note) 139 

Stevens, attack on fort 334 

Stillwater, battles of 140 

Stonewall Jackson 301—314—315 

316—317—325 

Stoneman, General (note) 325 

Stony Point, capture of 147 

Story (sculptor) 404 

Stuyvcsant, Peter 74 

Style, old and new (note) 92 

Submarine telegraphs (note) 359—360 

Sub-treasury Bill, the 243 

Suez. Isthmus of 17 — 23 

Suffrage, rights of 365 

Sullivan, General 146 

Sully (painter) 404 

Sumner, Charles 374 

Sumter, General 149 

Sumter, Fort 293—294—295—296 

Supreme Court, the 175 

Surratt, Mrs 354 

Sutter, Captain..« 260 

Swedes in America 76 

Tack Machine invented 403 

Tallevrand (note) 152 

Taney, Chief Justice 286 

Tariff, high protective (note) 178 

229—231 

Tarleton, Colonel 152 (note) 153 

Taylor, General Zachary 252—253 

255—272 

Taylor, death of 273 

Taylor,Mormon High Priest (note) 286 

Taxing the Colonies 113 — 115 

Tea, tax on tea resisted 115 

Tea Partv, Boston 115 

Tecumsoh (chief) 194—201—203 

Tclcgniph, the magnetic 248 

Tclcgrapl) cable, Atlantic 359 

Telegraph, submarine 359 — 360 



Telegraph, number of 360 

Telegraph milei of wire in U. S... 249 

Telephone invented, the 403 

Temperance movement, the 382 

Tennessee settled 183 

Tennessee admitted 184 

Tennessee, origin of name 184 

Tennessee ram captured 336 

Tenure-of-office-Bill 360—362 

Territories, United States, the 

present (note) 159 

Territories, United States, how 

governed 159 

Territory defined 158 

Territory, the Northwest 158 

Territory, the Southwest 158—184 

Territory, the Mississippi 226 

Territory, the Louisiana 188 

Territory, the Indian 235 

Terry, General 337—376 

Texas settled 250 

Texas admitted 250 

Texas, origin of name 250 

Texan War, the 236—237 

Thames, battle of the 203 

Thomas and Canbv killed 372 

Thomas, General George H... 308— 320 
328—338—374 

Thompson, Charles (note) 113—118 

Ticonderoga, fort 94—98—121—138 

Tilden, Samuel J 378 

Tippecanoe, battle of 194 

Tobacco found in America 35 

Tobin, T. W 403 

Tompkins, Daniel D 223 

Tories and Whigs (note) 129 

Tories 129—146—152 

Tour round the world. Grant's.... 384 

Trade and Commerce (1763) 102 

Treason of Arnold 150 

Treasury, office of Secretary of 174 

Treasury Bill, sub, the 243 

Treaty of Ryswick 86 

Treaty of Utrecht 88 

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 91 

Treatv of Paris (1763) 99 

Treaty of Paris (1783) 155 

Treaty with Indiaiviof Northwest 178 

Treaty, Jay's 180 

Treatv with Algiers (note) 181 

Treatv with Spain (1819) 226 

Treaty of Ghent (1815) 206 

Treaty with Mexico 257 

Treatv of San Juan de Fuca 26o 

Treatv, the Tripartite (note) 277 

Treatv with Japan 283—287 

Treatv witli China 363 

Tribunal, Electoral 378 

Trent affair, the 305 

Trenton, battle of 133 

Tri}iartite treaty (note) 277 

Tripoli, war with 189 

Troops, the colored 324 

Trumbull (painter) 404 

Trnxton, Claptain (note) 186 

Trvon, General 136—147 

Turtle, Little (chief) 178 

Tyler, John 244—245 



428 



INDEX. 



Union City, Ky,. taken 331 

Union, the New England 69 

United States, location of 11 

United States in 1783 155 

United States after Revolution 156 

United States, Territories of (note) 159 

United States Government 173 

United States flag 137 

United States, bank of 209—239 

United States, frigate 197 

United States, boundaries of 11 

United States, nortii-eastern 

boundary of (note) 260 

United States, north-western 

boundary of 371 

University of Oxford (note) 81 

University of Pennsylvania (note) 135 
University of Washington and Lee 341 

Ute Indians, the 385 

Utrecht, treaty of 8S 

Valley Forge, at 143 

Vallev of the Mississippi 92 

Van Buren, Martin 241—272 

Van Couver's Island 371 

Vanderlyn (painter) 404 

Van Dorn, General 319—320 

Van Wart, Isaac 152 

Vasco de Gama (note) 17 

Vera Cruz 255 

Verazzani, voyage of... 30 

Vermont settled (note) 121—183 

Vermont admitted 183 

Vermont, origin of name 183 

Vespucci, voyage of 22 

Veto, Presidential (note) 239 

Vice-Presidency, the 174 

Vice-Presidents, about 394 

Vice-Presidents, ex' officio (note). 175 
Vicksburg, first attempt to take... 320 

Vicksburg taken 322 

Vincennes, Ind., settled 209 

Virginia Dare, first born in Amer- 
ica 34 

Virginia settled 50 

Virginia, origin of name 34—40 

Virginia, starving time in 54 

Virginia, second charter of 54 

Virginia, third cliarter of 55 

Virginia a royal province 57 

Virginia, North and South 60 

Virginia. West, admitted 300 

Virginia, the iron-clad (-note) 311 

Virginia, Army of 314—339 

Virgin Queen, the .34 

Virginius, the steamer 373 

Wadsworth, William 70 

Wallace, General Lew 318—3.34 

Wall .street, New York, origin of 

name (note) 2.38 

Walker's expedition 282 

W^ar, first Indian 57 

War, second Indian 57 

War, Pequods 69 

War, King Philip's 65 

War, inter-colonial 85—90—88—91 

War, King William's 85 

War, King George's 90 



War, Queen Anne's „ 88 

War, French and Indian 91— 10ft 

War, Pontiae's 100 

War, Revolutionary 112 

War, with Tripoli 189 

War, Indian (1791) 178 

War, Indian (1811) 194 

War of 1812, causes 194 

War of 1812, results 207 

War, battles of (reviewed) 210 

War with Algiers 208 

War, the Texan 236—237 

War, the Seminole 226—238 

War, the Creek 201 

War, Black ?Iawk, the 234 

War, Patriot, the 242 

War, Mexican, causes 251 

War, Mexican, results 257 

War, Mexican, battles (reviewed) 261 

War, Civil, causes 290 

War, Civil ended 340 

War, Sioux (1862) 322 

War, Sioux (1SC8) ; 363 

War, Sioux (1876) 375 

War, co.st of Civil 356 

War, Civil, battles (reviewed) 341 

War, Modoc, the 372 

War, NezPerces, the 381 

War, Ute, the 385 

War, office of Secretary of 174 

Wars, Colonial (reviewed) 104 

Ward, Artemus (note) 122 

Warren, General Joseph 125 

Washington, birth of 92 

Washington, journey of 92 

Washington, commander-in-chief 122 

Washington at siege of Boston 126 

Washington at Long Island 1.30 

Washington, famous retreat of 131 

Washington at White Plains 131 

Washington at Princeton 135 

Washington at Trenton 133 

Washington at Morristown 136 

Washington at Brandywine 138 

Washington at German town 139 

Washington at Valley Forge 143 

Washington monument 145 

Washington proposed as King 1.56 

Washington, President 17G 

Washington, retirement of 181 

Washington, farewell address of.. 181 
Washington's death, character of. 181 

Washington, Clolonel (note) 153 

Washington City taken 204 

Washington and Lee University.. 341 

Washington Territory 159 

Wasp, sloop 197 

Wayne, General Anthony 147-178 

—179 
Weather reports, system of (note) 239 

Weaver, James B 387 

Webb, General (note) 97 

Webster, Noah 210 

Webster, Daniel 245—246—278—279 

Weitzel, General 239 

Wesley, John 81 

Welsh in America, the (note) 16 

West IndiaCompany 73 

West Indies, location of 12 



INDEX. 



429 



West Point 150 

"West Virginia 300 

"Westward emigration 158— 2'25 

West (sculptor) 40-4 

■\Veymouth, George 37 

Wheat and otlier grains introduc- 
ed (note) 35 

Wheeler, William A 378 

Whigs and Tories (note) 129 

Whig Party, the 229—232—245—250 

272 

White, Capt., of Roanoke (note)... 35 

Whitefield, George 81 

Whiskv Insurrection 179 

White "Plains, battle of 131 

Whitney, Eli 182 

Whittier (poet) 404 

Wilderness, battle of the 332 

Wilkes, Captain Charles 247—305 

Wilkes's Expedition 247 

Wilkinson, General (note) 190 

—(note) 203 

William and Mary, college of 103 

William Henry, fort 97 

Williams Roger 63—71 

Williams, David 152 

Williams, Mr. (note) 88 

Williamsburg, battle of 313 

Willis, N. P. (poet) 404 

Wilmington, Del., founded 76 

Wilmot Proviso, the 272 

Wilson's Creek, battle of .305 

Wilson, Henry 370—374 



Wilson, Alexander (naturalist).... 404 

Winans, Ross 403 

Winthrop, Governor ; 63 

Winchester, battle of 314— 3;J4 

Winslow, Captain 333 

Wirt William 210—223 

Wisconsin settled 260 

Wisconsin admitted 260 

Wisconsin, origin of name 260 

Witchcraft, Salem 66 

Wives for Colonists 56 

Wolfe, General 97—99 

Women of the Revolution (note) 1.50 

Wood, Jethro 403 

Wooster, General 1.36 

Worcester, Joseph E 404 

Writs of assistance (note) 114 

Wyoming, massacre at 145 

Wyoming Territory (note) 159 

Yale College founded 103' 

Yale, Elihu 103 

Yankee Doodle, origin of (note).. 141 

Yellow Fever 179—373—383—384 

Yeo, Sir James 201 

York, capture of 199 

York, Duke of 74 

Yorktown, siege of (1781) 154 

Yorktown, siege of (1862) 312 

Young, Brigham 286 



ZOLLICOFFEE, GENERAL. 



308 



